LKSSONS IN 1;<)TANY. 



216 



ION XXIV. INTERROGATIVE FORM OI 1 PRESENT 

 INDICATIVE. 



1 . In the first person singular of the present of the indicative 

 >f almost all those French verbs which in that person have only 



'liiblf, the common interrogative form [Sect. XXII. 9] is 

 not allowed. To render the verb interrogative, the expression 

 is prefixed to the affirmative form [ 98 (5) (6)]. 



Est-oo quo je vends du drap ? Do I sell clotH T 



Est-oo que je joue souveut / Do I play often? 



2. The first person singular of the indicative of avoir, to have ; 

 ^tre, to be; aller, to go; pouvoir, to > 



Bavoir, t<> /./'", etc., may, however, bo conjugated interroga- 

 tively according to the general rules. 



Ai-je vos mouchoirs ? Have I your luindkcrchiefs f 



Combien vous doia-je ? How much do I owe you J 



8. The form est-ce que is always allowable, and sometimes 

 ililc, when the first person singular of the present of the 

 indicative of a verb has several syllables [ 98 (6)]. 



Est-ce que je vous envoie des livres ? Do I send you books ? 

 Est-co que je commence a parler ? Do I begin to speak ? 



4. Est-ce que may, in familiar conversation, bo used with all 

 the persons of those tenses susceptible of being conjugated in- 

 terrogatively : Qu' est-ce que vous lisez ? may be said, instead 

 of, Qne lisez-vous ? What do you read ? 



5. INTERROGATIVE FOESI OF THE INDICATIVE PRESENT OP 



AT.I.KR, to go. 

 Est-ce que je vais ? do 

 I go, or OKI I going ? 

 Vas-tu? 

 Va-t-U ? 

 Allone-nous ? 

 Allez-vous ? 

 Vont-ils ? 



EXVOYER, to snd. 

 Est-ce que j 'envoie ? do 

 I send, or am I scndiiij.' 

 Envoies-tu ? 

 Envoie-t-il ? 

 Envoyons-nous ? 

 Envoyez-vons ? 

 Euvoient-ils ? 



VESIB, to come. 

 Est-ce que je viens? 



do I come, or am I 

 Viens-tu? [coming f 

 Vient-il ? 

 Venous-nous ? 

 Venez-vous ? 

 Vienneut-ils ? 



C. The article le, preceded by the preposition a, is contracted 

 into au before a noun masculine commencing with a consonant, 

 or an h aspirate ; and into aux before a plural noun [ 13 (8)]. 

 Allez-vous au bal ou au marcho ? Do ijou go to theball or to th nvarfct? 



7. A 1'egliso means at or to church; a 1'ecole, a( or to school. 

 Nous allons a 1'egliso et a 1'dcolo, Wo go to church and to school. 



8. Queique part means somewhere, anywhere; nulle part, 

 nowhere. 



Votre neveu o cst-il P TFhre w your nephew t 



II est quelqne i^rt, H u somewhere. 



II u'cst nulle port, He is novi 



RESUMI': OP EXAMPLES. 



Est-ce que jo vais a I'^cole ? Do I go to school t 



Vous allez a 1'dglise aujourd'huL 1'ou go to chttrch to-day. 



Est-ce que je commence mon tra- Do I begin !/ <"* ' 



vail? 



Est-ce que je parle Anglais P Do I rprak English f 



Est-ce que j'etyvoie co livre a mon Do I send thin book to my brotitcr f 



f ri-re ? 



Allez-vons au marclu' domain ? 

 J'y vais apres-demaiu. 

 Envoyez-vous vos enfants a l'<?cole ? 

 Je les envoie chez le professeur. 

 Je les y envoie cette aprcb-midi. 

 Vos habits oil sont-ils ? 



Do you go to market to-morrow t 

 I go ther the day after to-morrow T 

 Do you end your eht'Wreii to school .' 

 I send them to tht professor 1 *. 

 I send them there this afternoon. 

 Wt.<rc u,v your cloth, s/ 



et au concert 5. Est-oe que je conpo votre bou ? 6. Von* 

 ".o coupez ni mon bois ni mon habit 7. Eot-ce qo* je port* on 

 chapcau vert ? 8. Vous no portez pan un chapcau vert, TOO* en 

 portez un noir. 9. Votre ccolier va-t-il qnelqoe part ' 

 va a 1'eglise, i 1'ecole et an marchi-. 11. Ne vo-t-il pas diax I* 

 perrnqnier ? 12. H ne va nolle part 13. Ne portex-TOos point 

 des bottes de coir rouge ? 14. J'en porte de coir noir. IS. 

 N'allez-vous pas chez 1< banquier P 16. Je ne vaia pa cbez lid; 

 il cst absent depuis hier. 1 7. Vient-il a 1* banque ce matin ? 



18. D a 1'intention d'y venir, s'il a le temps.* 11>. A-t-il eniie 

 <!' allcr au concert ? 20. II a grande cnvie d'y aller, mail U n'a 

 paa de l<i!l.-'. '-'I. Demeurez-vona dans oe Tillage? 22. Oui, 

 Monsieur, j'y demeure. 23. Envoyez-voua ce billet a la poate ? 

 24. Je 1' envoie a son adresse. 



EXERCISE 44. 



1. Do I wear my large black hat? 2. Yon wear a hiuidan 

 green hat. 3. Does the banker go to the hairdresser's thi* 

 morning ? 4. He goes there this morning. 5. Does he intend 

 to go to the bank this morning ? 6. He does not intend to go 

 there, he has no time. 7. Do yon send yonr letters to the post- 

 office. ? 8. I do not send them, they are not yet written (etrite*). 

 9. Do I send you a note ? 10. Yon send me a ticket, but I hare 

 no wish to go to the concert. 11. Does your brother go to 

 school to-morrow ? 12. He goes (there) to-day, and remains at 

 homo to-morrow. 13. Do I go there? 14. Yon do not go 

 anywhere. 15. Where do yon go? 16. I am going to your 

 brother's, is ho at home? 17. He is not at home, he is absent 

 since yesterday. 18. Does yonr brother live in thia village ? 



19. He does not [Sect. XXIII. 12], he lives at my nephew's. 



20. Are you wrong to go to school ? 21. No, Sir, I am right to 

 go to church and to school. 22. Do you wish to come to my 

 house ? 23. I like to go to your house, and to yonr brother** 

 24. When are you coming to our house? 25. To-morre 

 have time. 26. Does the banker like to come here ? - 

 likes to come to your house. 28. Is the hairdresser coming ? 

 29. He is not yet cpming. 30. What are yon sending to tho 

 scholar? 31. I am sending books, paper, and clothe-. 

 Where is he ? 33. He ia at school. 34. Is the school in the 

 village ? 35. It is there. 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. TT1. 



SECTION XI. REPRESENTATIVES FOR LEA VI 

 CRYPTOGAMIC PLA5T3. 



LEAVES, properly so called, only erist on plants which bear 

 flowers. The reader may test this by his own experience. Did 

 he ever see a leaf on a mushroom, or a moss, or any other 

 cryptogamio plant? Probably he may say, "Yes, I hare seen 

 them on ferns, and these are cryptogamic plants." Well, we 

 have already stated that the leaf-like expansions on ferns are 

 not leaves, but fronds, and we have explained the distinction 

 between a leaf and a frond. It only remains to be said, in 

 connection with this subject, that the little stem to which these 

 fronds are attached, and which corresponds to a petiole in a real 

 leaf, is denominated a stipes, frojn the Latin stipe*, the trunk of 

 a tree. In the next page is a representation of one of the tree- 

 ferns of tropical climates, the trunk of which it denominated * 

 caudex, from tho Latin caudex, a stem. 



The i of si is elided before U, ill, bat in no other i 

 oalj instance of the elision of i. 



