I.KSPONS IN r.NV.I.: if. 



.f tin- ii<>- sorted to in order to dear the eye from 



So far a* "f tlio olfactory organ 



ti-acli ua wl. 



pleasures of smell I to <: in-r I: 



4W* 1 * than inui-li pri/.rd mi t!i :i- own aooouir varied 



fragranrr of a t!u>ii: :ui,| tlii\v.-r--, MH i|.-!h-.,t,-]\ ilitl'u-ril a 

 pall tho sense, or to surcharg" t!>.- . no Ktnall addition 



1 



i thoRO odours, and make them 



they arc nearly always suggestive of a sickly effeminacy, and 

 have called down sneers on their possessors. Thou, Cowper 

 writes 



" His better bond, more busy, gives the note 

 Its burgamotj" 



und Tennyson 



< essences turned the lire air sick ;" 

 and again Shakespeare 



" lie was perfumed like a milliner." 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. VIII. 



PREFIXES (continued). ; 



Apo, of Greek origin, from; as apostle, from tho Greek ao 

 (pronounced ap'-o),/rom, and <rrA\o> (pronounced stel'-lo), Isend; 

 that i>>, a person sent from one to another, a messenger. 



Apo has the force of our English prefix ttn, as in uncover. 

 Thin is its exact import in tho word apocalypse, a revelation, 

 from tho Greek ctiro, and KoAfirrw (pronounced ka-lupo'-to), I 

 conceal; that is, according to the Latin, an unveiling ; and 

 according to tho Greek, an uncovering. 



" O for that warning voice which he who saw 



Th' apocalypse, heard cry in heaven aloud." Ifilton. 



Arch (ch sounded like fc)> of Greek origin (from apxr/, pro- 

 nounced ar'-ke, a beyinniitj), in the forms arch, arche, and archy, 

 denotes tho orijin, the head, and hence government. It ia the 

 second syllable in monarch, monarchy ; and as the letter which 

 in Greek represents the ch ia pronounced like fc, arch thus intro- 

 duces a Greek pronunciation into our tongue. Hence you may 

 learn the error which pronounces architect (from apxy, first, or 

 head, and TC/CTOV, pronounced teck'-ton, a maker or builder), as 

 if its arch was pronounced like the monosyllabic word arch; 

 that is, the arch in a building. 



Besides a type and an antitype, theology recognises an 



/,>e, or original type, an original mould or model, in which, 



in virtue of which, and after the likeness of which, all created 



beings were formed, as ms taught by the Greek philosopher 



Plato. 



"There were other objects of tho mind, universal, eternal, im- 

 mutable, which they called original ideas, all originally contained in 

 one archetypal mind or understanding, and from thence participated by 

 inferior minds and souls." Ciulicorf/i. 



This word arch (from opxrj) is found also pronounced in the 

 ordinary English manner, as in archbishop that is, a chief 

 bishop, the chief bishop of a province. In its signification of 

 flitrf it is used also to denote something questionable, bad, or 

 humorous. 



" Doggett thanked me, and after his comic manner spoke his request 

 with so arch a leer that I promised," etc. Taller. 



" ' Come, tell us honestly, Frank,' said the squire with his usual 

 archness, 'suppose the church, your present mistress, drest in lawn 

 sleeves, on one hand, and Miss Sophia, with no lawn about her, on tho 

 other, which would you be for ? ' " Goldsmith. 



Auto, of Greek origin, equivalent to self, is found in autocrat, 

 from the Greek avros (pronounced aw'-tos), one's self, and 

 Kparia (pronounced krat'-e-a), power, government, one who governs 

 of himself and by himself ; hence autocracy ia arbitrary power, 

 despotism. 



" The divine will is absolute ; it is its own reason ; It is both the 

 producer and the ground of all its acts. It moves not by the external 

 impulse, or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute 

 autocracy." Smith. 



Be, of Saxon origin, in tho forma be and by, connected pro- 



bably with the verb to be and the preposition by, denoting tit* 

 active power or agent, as a prefix, performs the part at a* 

 intensive, and increases, sometimes in a bad sense, the inherent 

 import of a word ; e.g., belovud, bedaub, besmear, bepraise. In 



ies it seems to do little more than aid in forming words, 

 as an adverb out of an adjective ; it ."tar), before, 



fclow, beneath. Tho adverb betimes (early) is made u, 



>, by time; that is, in time. 



" He that goes oat bttm* in the morning is mow like to Hqntih 

 hi* journey than he that lingers till the day be spent." Bfatep JfaO. 



By means also, near, as " Stand by me." 



"And as be (Jesus) passed by, be saw Levi" (Hark ii. 14). 



Hence tho phrase by and by denoted immediately, as may be 

 seen in Mark vi. 25, in which, and in other passages of Scrip- 

 ture, it ia tho representation of a Greek word which signifies 

 straightway, forthwith. The repetition of the by may have had 

 emphasis for its object. Hence is explained the word by-dander. 

 that ia, one who stands near. At present, by and by ftinmj ill 

 conversation to intimate some little <l ''t-ff t "f of tiro* from the 

 actual moment. 



Bene, a prefix of Latin origin (from bonus, good; bene, > 

 found in union with won!a of Latin origin ; thus with faci 

 and its parts faccrc, factum (in combination a may pass into i), 

 it forms benefaction, benefit, beneficial, beneficent ; so in union 

 with dico, I say (dicerc, dictum), ben forms benediction, and 

 with volo, I am willing, it forma benevolent. Hence, one who is 

 benevolent is one who Irishes well ; and one who is beneficent is 

 one who dues well ; a benediction is a good word, a blessing, and 

 a benefaction ia a, good deed, a gift. Tho opposite prefix is the* 

 Latin male (pronounced ma'-lc), ill or ceil. Tho contrast is well 

 illustrated in these words, where, as iu other inntances, the old 

 spelling is retained, as offering so many historical facts 



" The kyng, willing to show that this benefit was to hym much accept- 

 able, and not worthy to be put in oblivion, called this grant of money 

 a benevolence, notwithstanding that many with grudge and malfeoUnc* 

 gave great suinuies toward the new foude (found) benevolence." Hall, 



"Edward IV." 



Bi, in the forms of l>i and bis, of Latin origin (bis, twice), has 

 in English the force of two or twice ; biped (pea, Latin, a /oof), 

 two-footed, biscuit (cuire, French, to cook), ticice-eoolxd. 



"The inconvenience attending the form of the year above men. 

 tioned, was in a great measure remedied by the Romans in the time ef 

 Julius Caesar, who added one day every fourth year ; which (from the 

 place of its insertion, viz., after tho sixth of the calends of 

 was called bissextile or leap-year." Priority, on llitlory. 



Cata, of Greek origin (KOTO, pronounced kat'-a, down), properly 

 denotes motion in a downward direction, and appears in the 

 word cataract (from the Greek Kara and puaav, pronounced 

 ras'-so, I strike or dash), which, according to its derivation, 

 signifies a breking-down ; that is, of the rook which leads to s> 

 downfall of water. This prefix is found in other words of Greek 

 origin, as in cataclysm (from tho Greek KarcucXvir/ios, pronounced 

 kat-a-klusc'-mos, a dchtyc, from the verb K<rraic\va>, pronounced 

 kat-a-klu'-zo, to inundate), a term applied to the deluge. 



" The catacomb.'! are subterranean streets or galleries from four t 

 eight feet iu height, ami from two to five in breadth, extending to an 

 .mmcnse and almost unknown length, and branching oat into various 

 walks under the city of Kome." Euttace, " Italy." 



Cent, of Latin origin, from centum, a hundred, ia found is 

 centenary, a hundred or hundredth; cenfuple, a hundred-fold ; 

 centurion, a commander of ;-. soldiers in the Roman 



army. Tho old Saxon word Aundredor may be compared with 

 centurion. 



" Hundrcdors, aldermen, magistrates, etc." Spelma*. 



The import of hundredor or hundredcr may be learnt from 

 the following words, describing tho ancient cavil division of 

 ngland for the purpose of government : 



" As ten families of freeholders made up a town or tithing (a tenth), 

 so ten tithings composed a superior division, called a hundred, as con- 

 sisting of ten times ten families." Bbukttont, " (.\mnwnfaru*. M 



Circum, of Latin origin (Latin, circus, a circle or ring), signifies 



.round, in in < ; - (from circua, and tho Latin verb sto, 



id), litorui'. . which stand around you; what has 



