230 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



tions, that we must endeavour to arrange the nouns in certain 

 classes. The genitive singular, however, is the characteristic 

 case, and it ends in is. 



Before classifying these nouns, I must give you some expla- 

 nations. Parisyllabic is a word I have to use. It consists of 

 three words, which I will mark thus 



123 

 pari syl lab (to) ; 



of these the two latter are of Greek origin. The former is 

 Latin. As tho word is thus made up of terms from two lan- 

 guages, it is a sort of hybrid. No. 2 signifies with; No. 3 

 signifies to take ; the ic is merely the termination. If you put 

 2 and 3 together you have syllab, which with the termination 

 tie makes syllable. A syllable, then, is so much of sound as 

 may be taken or uttered at once. No. 1 means equal (pari 

 found in the English par and pair) ; parisyllabic, then, signifies 

 that which is equal in its syllables; and nouns are called 

 parisyllabic which have the same number of syllables in all tho 

 -cases of the singular number. I say of the singular number, 

 because the plural of all nouns is not parisyllabic, inasmuch as 

 the genitive plural, as in the cases of arum and orum, has a 

 syllable more than the other cases. Now nouns which have in 

 the genitive singular a syllable more than they have in the 

 nominative singular are called imparisyllabic. In this word, as 

 here given, you find an additional syllable, namely, im from in 

 the n becoming m, before the p which signifies not. Impari- 

 syllabic, then, is not-parisyllabic ; and the words denote those 

 nouns which in the genitive singular have not the same number 

 of syllables as they have in the nominative. Piscis, a fish, is 

 parisyllabic ; for in the genitive it is piscis, having two syllables 

 .as in the nominative. But cantor, a. singer, is imparisyllabic, 

 for in the genitive it is cantoris, having three syllables, whereas 

 tho nominative has but two. Here then wo have one distinc- 

 tion namely, nouns of the third declension are either pari- 

 ayllabic or imparisyllabic. 



Now, inquiry has shown that parisyllabic nouns have a vowel 

 stem, and imparisyllabic nouns a consonant stem ; that is, that 

 the stem of the former ends in a vowel, and the stem of the 

 latter ends in a consonant. Of the stem of a noun and a verb 

 I have already said something. It is better to repeat than not 

 to be understood. Take nubes, a cloud, and form the genitive ; 

 the genitive is nubis. You get the stem by cutting off the sign 

 of the genitive, which in this case is s (as in the English cloud, 

 cloud's). You thus obtain nubi. Nubi has two syllables, the 

 same as the nominative nubes. It is therefore parisyllabic, and 

 ends in a vowel. Take also dolor, grief ; genitive, doloris. Cut 

 off is, the sign of the genitive, and you obtain dolor. Dolor 

 ends, you see, in a consonant, and is a consonantal stem. The 

 word is also imparisyllabic, because it increases in the genitive 

 singular. Imparisyllabic nouns, then, have consonantal stems. 

 In this case the stem and the nominative are the same, .both 

 being dolor. But in nomen, a name, genitive nominis, stem 

 iiomin, the nominative and the stem are unlike. Of consonantal 

 stems, then, there are two classes : first, those of which the 

 stem is identical with the nominative ; second, those in which 

 it is different. The consonants in which the stem terminates 

 are: 



c. g. t. d. p. b. mutes. 



1. m. n. r. liquids. 



a. the sibilant. 



From these stems the nominative is formed with or without 

 the addition of s. An instance of the formation of the nomina- 

 tive with the addition of s, is found in nom. rex, a king, gen. 

 reg-is, stem reg ; add s and you have regs, which is pronounced 

 rex. An instance of the formation of the nominative without 

 the addition of s you find in nom, leo, a lion, gen. leonis, stem, 

 lean, shortened into leo. 



The genders of the nouns of the third declension may be 

 stated thus, though the rules are not without exceptions : 

 First, nouns ending in o, 0% os, er, and imparisyllabics in es, 

 are masculine ; second, nouns ending in as, is, aus, us (gen. 

 uhs or udis) and x, and those which end in s blended with the 

 preceding consonant, as well as parisyllabics in es, are feminine; 

 third, nouns ending in a, e, c, I, en, ar, ur, ut, and MS (gen. 

 oris, eris, uris), are neuter. By practice you will in time become 

 familiar with these somewhat complex facts. 



I proceed to set down specimens in classes. 

 CLASS I. 



NOUNS WITH CONSONANTAL STEMS ; IMPARISTLLABIC. 



1. Without the termination s. 



(i.) The stem and the nominative are the same ; stems end 

 in r and I. 



Thus : nom. dolor ; gen. doloris ; stem, dolor. 

 EXAMPLES. 

 MASCULINES. 



Singular. 

 anser, a goose. 

 ansSris, of a goose. 

 anseri, to a goose, 

 anserem, a goose. 

 anser, goose .' 

 ansere, by a goose. 



Plural, 

 anseres, geese 



grief. 

 dolons, of grief '. 

 dolori, to grief. 

 dolorem, grie/. 

 dolor, grief! 

 dolore, by grief. 



vomer, a ploughshare. 

 vomCris, of a ploughshare. 

 vomeri, to a ploughshare. 

 vomerem, a plouglishare. 

 vomer, ploughsliare ! 

 vomere, by a ploughshare. 



Cases. 



N. 



G. 



D. 



Ac. 



V. 



Ab. 



Coses. 



N. dolores, griefs. 



G. dolorum, of griefs, anserum, of geese. 



D. doloribus, to griefs, anseribus, to geese. 



Ac. dolores, griefs. anseres, geese. 



V. dolores, griefs ! aiisercs, geese '. 



Ab. doloribus, by griefs, anseribus, by geese. 



NEUTERS. 



Coses. Singular. 



N. guttur, a throat. calcar, a spur. 

 G. gutturis, of a throat, calcarfe, of a spur. 

 D. gutturi, to a throat, calcari, to a spur. 

 Ac. guttur, a throat. calcar, a spur. 

 V. guttur, throat.' calcar, spur / 

 Ab. gutturc, by o throat, calcari, by a spur. 

 Cases. Plural. 



N. guttnra, throats. calcaria, spurs. 

 G. gutturuin, of throats, ealcaruim, of spurs, animalium, of animals. 

 D. gutturibus, to throats, calcaribits, to spurs, animalibus, to animals, 

 Ac. guttura, throats. calcaria, spurs, 



guttura, throats .' calcaria, spurs .' 



vomeres, ploughshares, 

 vomerum, o/p!oughshares. 

 vomerib us,toplo ughshares. 

 voineres, ploughshares, 

 vomeres, plo ughshares / 

 vomeribus, byplouglishares 



animal, an animal. 

 animalis, of an animal. 

 animali, to an animal, 

 animal, an animal, 

 animal, animal! 

 animali, by an animal. 



auimalia, animals. 



anirnalia, animals, 

 animalia, animals .' 



V. 



Ab. gutturibus, by throats, calcaribus, by spurs, animalibus, by animals. 



Here observe, that as in the neuter nouns of the second de- 

 clension, the neuter nouns of the third declension have in both 

 the singular and the plural three cases alike, namely, the 

 nominative, the accusative, and the vocative. In animal, the 

 nominative plural is ia, instead of a. This is owing to its being 

 originally from a vowel stem as, nominative, animal ; genitive, 

 animalis; stem, animali. 



VOCABULARY. 



Agger, agg^ris, m., a 



Fulgur, fulguris, n., 



Passer, passeris, m., a 



mound or dam. lightning. sparrow. 



Color, coloris, m., Illi, to him. Pulvinar, pulvinaris, 



colour, Illis, to them. n., a couch. 



Diligo, 3, I lore or Mater, inatris, f., a Eumor, rumSris, m., 



Wee. mother. report. 



Error, erroris, m., Mihi, to me. Tibi, to thee. 



error. Nobis, to us. Vectigal, vectigalis, n., 



Frater, fratris, m., Odor, odoris,m., odowr, a tax. 



a brother. I smell. Vobis, to you. 



OBS. Est mihi, I have, used with the noun as nom. to est ; 

 thus, guttur est mihi, I have a throat ; so in the plural, guttura 

 sunt nobia (throats are to us), we 7wve throats. In the same way, 



