LESSONS IN 



rest of the animal is concealed. In both oases the nostril i-. 

 placed at tho tip of thu snout, for reasons which thane who have 

 read the lesion* on tho ear will understand. Space foils to 

 write of the organ in the serpent, tho frog, and the siren ; but, 

 in pawing on to describe it as it occur* in the fish, it should 

 :irkfd, t li:it iii nil thu foregoing animals there is a com- 

 iiiuiiir.il;. .n between thin organ and the air-passage to the lungs. 



Tln< position of these hind nostrils, as they are called, ore, as 

 we have seen, very various. In some oases, they open just 

 1>. Inn. t the teeth, as in the toad ; and in others, far book in tho 

 alimentary canal. They aro sometimes double, and sometimes 

 singlo ; but they are always present : and consequently these 

 Is all breathe naturally through tho nose: and for this 

 reason it bos been difficult to discuss the function of smell 

 without trenching ou tho function of respiration. In fish, on 

 the contrary, there ore no lungs ; and therefore the hind outlet 

 of tho nose is not present, and tho organ is solely an organ 

 of smell. 



It." usual form is that of a roundish sac, opening on tho side 

 of tho muzzle by one or two external holes. The sac ia either 

 round, iu which case a column of cartilage rises in the centre, and 

 radiating folds run from this to the circumference; or elongated, 

 when a bar of cartilage runs across it ; and on each side of this 

 plates pass off to the aides ; and these secondary plates at their 

 middl portion ore elongated into flaps, which float freely in the 

 water of tho sac. An example of tho first form is seen in the 

 sturgeon, and of the last in the ray and dog-fish. In the 

 drawing of the dog-fish, one sac is represented with a fore-and- 

 aft flap to tho nostril, the fore-flap being pulled forward by 

 two threads, so as to disclose tho interior; while, on the other 

 side, these flaps have been wholly removed, to expose the organ. 

 These cartilaginous flaps are moved by proper muscles, so 

 that tho water in the sacs can be rapidly changed by their 

 action ; hence these fish have been said not only to smell, but to 

 scent their prey. In tho lamprey, or nine-eyed eel, tho nasal 

 sac is single, and in tho middle line above the head. 



In the nautilus, Professor Owen has detected an organ 

 of smell ; and the pretty little organs which are thrust up 

 from the back of the naked sea-slug are considered to be 

 of the same nature. We have already pointed out the organ 

 in tho lobster; but where the sense resides in insects is yet 

 unknown. 



Notwithstanding these difficulties and uncertainties, it ia 

 hoped that it has been shown that there is sufficient evidence of 

 contrivance in tho nasal organ in the animal kingdom, to make 

 us exclaim with David, " How wonderful are thy thoughts ! 

 how great is tho sum of then. 1 !" 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XVI. 



SECTION XXIX. POSITION OP THE VEBB, ETC. 



WHEN for the sake of emphasis a word (which is not the 

 subject) is placed at the beginning of a principal sentence, or if 

 a subordinate sentence precedes the principal sentence, the 

 subject is placed after the finite verb (a present or imperfect), 

 as : a gefjt 3bt 3teunt, there goes your friend. 4>iet ftel)t fein 

 JBtuter here stands his brother. 3u lange fdjon b.aft Du gefcb- 

 (umnicvt too long already hast thou slumbered. 3efct mufi tcb 

 qcfyen, now I must go. 9U id) gcflcrn nacfy J&aufe fam, tegnete tt 

 fcfyt ftarb, when I returned home yesterday, it was raining very 

 hard. ->cutc fann cr nicbt lefen, unt motgcn will n nid;t, he cannot 

 read to-day, and to-morrow he will not. 



1. Sabvcn is both transitive and intransitive ; when transitive, 

 it is conjugated with fjabtn ( 71. 1), and signifies to convey in a 

 vehicle, to drive, as : ct flutfcbct 6,at mid; ftyncll gefabtcn, the 

 coachman has driven me rapidly. ICei Differ bat mid? febnctl 

 gcfal'ti'n, the boatman has rowed me rapidly. When intransitive, 

 it is conjugated with fein ( 71. 1), and signifies to ride in a 

 vehicle, as : 3d; bin gefab.ten, I have ridden (in a carriage, boat, 

 or other vehicle). 



2. JRciten is also used transitively and intransitively, and 

 signifies to ride, as on horseback, as: 3)et Slrabet reitct tat 

 $fcrb unt tat .ftamcel, the Arabian rides the horse and the camel. 

 3d) Kite (in fd,ncUc8 5>fctt gcrittcn, I have ridden a fleet horse. 

 When used intransitively ( 71. 1), it ia conjugated with fein, 

 as (Sr tft ftfir fcb. ncll gcrittcn, ho has ridden (on horseback) very 

 rapidly. 



Sabrcn. to drive, to 

 ride (in a vehicle). 



.u.iai'urt, n. Frank* 

 fort. 



Srty, early. 



fflcfunf, healthy. 



$olj, n. wood, timber 

 of any kind. 



VOCABULABT. 



6cC|>uuT. m. wood- 



lab, cold, 

 to live. 



temperate, 

 temperately. 

 9Rr|grr, m. butcher. 

 Drttntlu}, orderly. 



to rid* (osj 

 horseback). 

 fllrttpfot. n. 



kill, or slay. 

 Cu4*s, to seek. 



BkUUME OF EXAMPLE*. 



a blftyct cine Nofc, unt t>\et fallt 



cine ab. 

 4tcr itebt ter bungling, unfc ta tcr 



ail 



SKorgen vetlafit ta< nruc Danipfboct 



ten J&afen. 

 3u lange fd>en bafl tu qefaumr. tic 



vetlot'ne jctt 



Them rnin lilnsanins, nil !> 



one falls off. 

 Here stands the youth, and 



there the aged man. 

 To-morrow the new steamboat 



leaves the harbour. 

 Too long already hast thoa 



delayed to redeem the lost 



1. 1:..-. 



3efct mup id; meincn JBrief fcbttcjkn. I must now close my letter. 

 fceutc fann et nicbt frrb fein, unc To-day he cannot be joyful, and 

 tnorgen nicbt lad;cn. prid;n>cct. to-morrow not laugh. A iJaT 



EXEBCIBB 50. 



1. SBiO ter alte eottat beute in ten SBalt geben ? 2. 9r mil * 

 gcb,cn, abet b/ute fann et nidit. tcnn ct bat sul )u tbun 3. Der Qts< 

 fncdit i|"t auf ten iDiatft gcgangen, um dltifd; ju boUn 4. Um armat 91 

 bleibcn, mup man oitcntlut unc majiig lebcn. 5. let ol$auet in in trs 

 Wain gcgangen, um 4?olj )u bauen. 6. let SDie^get gcbt con CUMOI 

 Dorfe jum antetn, um Deafen ju faufen. 7. Ct gef-t au* tinem Xon'e u 

 ta antere, fann abet feine Oibfen finten. 8. 2i ! a will et mit tea 

 Ccbfcn ? 9. St will fte fcblacbtcn ; wit muffen ja Sleifb) baben 10. 

 cr iBauet bat jmei ^fertc, iceldie tct i'tauet faufcn will. 11. 34 94* 

 in tic itact, um einen 'jut ctet cine 3)iu$e ju faufcn. 12. (ft bat tPu^er 

 ju lefcu unt cine 2lufgabe ;u fd;teiben. 13. 3Bo will let Steunt 

 !tutet6 binge^en? 14. &t will uitgtnt* bingebcn, a will t>ci fdi 

 Cb^eim bleibcn. 15. iffioHen fie auf ten befcn *ctg gcben ? 16. 34 

 will tab. in geb.cn, abet nicbt l-cutc. 17. .<cnnen Sic nu-t-jen auf ta Sam 

 geb.cn ? 18. 3d; fann ta^in ^eben, abet tcb mil nuM. 19. Sans Ml 

 3b.r aSatet feine $fette wietct baben? 20. (Jt mug fu morocn fhs> 

 I;abcn, wcil et motgen Slbcnt nad; Stanffutt fatten will. 21. 'JDanrm 

 will et nify tabin teitcn ? 22. SBeil ct fein guteJ Kcutfctb ^at. uut tf 

 aBcttct fe^t fait tfl. 



EXERCISE 51. 



1. It ia too cold for him to-day to go over to Frankfort. S. 

 There runs the hare over the hill. 3. There drives your brotiier. 

 4. The confectioner is gone to the bakehouse in order to 

 bread. 5. The butcher goes to market in order to bay i 

 6. Your coachman has driven me rapidly here. 7. Do yon see 

 that man upon that horse which we saw yesterday ? 8. The sal* 

 diers ride on beautiful horses. 9. They say one rides in t!we 

 carriages comfortably. 10. We have ridden in your coach to 

 pay our visits. 11. Tread not beyond the law ! 12. The * 

 steamboat passes down the river to-day for the first time. 



SECTION XXX. COMPABISON OP ADJECTIVES. 



German adjectives arc compared by suffixing to tho simple 

 form of the positive, cr for the comparative, and e|l for the suprr- 

 /.'/,''. ; thus, positive milt (mild), comparative milt ct (milder), 

 supei-lative milt.efl (mildest). (See 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.) 



1. When the positive ends in el, en. or er. the e of this termi- 

 nation is, in the comparative, omitted, as : ctcl (noble), ette* 

 (nobler). It may be here remarked, that adjectives of this etas 

 add for the superlative ft only; thus, etel, el let, cretft Adjco. 

 tives, when compared, are commonly contracted when eaphomy 

 admits. 



Adjectives in the comparative and superlative are subject '.- 

 tho same rules of inflection as when in the positive degrt 

 ( 37. 1.) 



The disposition to contract two concurrent ijIUbiM Unas a ptnue* 

 iu almost every language. Thus, in English, wo have UIVM for 

 eutcraiict ; tromdrou* for woiuUroiu, etc. So tuftt, pray**, etc., words 

 containing each two syllables, are pronounced as though enasrfsHsg ef 

 but one. This is a serious difficulty in the wajr of foreigners fearniac 

 our language, hat out- which iu the German, by a conformity of ortso 

 graphy to pronunciation, is entirely avoided. 



