262 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOE. 



LESSONS IN LATIK IX. 



THE THIED DECLENSION (continued). 

 CLASS I. 



NOUNS WITH CONSONANTAL STEMS ; IMPARISYLLABIC 



(continued). 



2. With the termination s. 

 Consonantal stems with the sounds fc (c), t, p. 



MASCULINES AND FEMININES. 



Coses. Singular. 



N. judex, a judge. comes, a companion. princeps, a chief or prince. 



G. judicts, of a judge, comltis, of a companion, principis, of a prince. 



D. judici, to a judge, comiti, to a companion, principi, to a prince. 



Ac. judicem, a judge. comitem, a companion, priucipem, a prince. 



V. judex, judge .' comes, companion ! princeps, prince ! 



Ab. judice, by a judge, comitc, by a companion, principe, by a prince. 



Cases. Plural. 



N. judices, judges. comites, companions. principes, chiefs orprinces. 

 G. judicum, of judges, comitum, o/ companions, principum, of princes. 

 D. judicibus, to judges, comitibus, to companions principibus, to princes. 

 Ac. judices, judges. comites, companions. principes, chiefs orprinces 

 V. judices, judges ! comites, companions .' principes, princes .' 

 Ab. judicibus, by judges, comitibus, by companions principibus, by princes. 



Cases. Singular. 



N. rer, a king. lapis, a stone. urbs (/), a city. 



G. regis, of a king. lap'fdis, of a stone. urbis, of a city. 



D. regi, to a 7cing. lapidi, to a. stone. urbi, to a city. 



Ac. regem, a fcing. lapidem, a stone. urbem, a city. 



V. rex, fcing .' lapis, stone/ urbs, city ! 



Ab. regc, by a king. lapide, by a stone. urbe, by a city. 



Cases. 



N. reges, kings. 

 G. regum, of Icings. 

 D. regibus, to kings. 

 Ac. reges, kings. 

 Y. reges, Icings ! 



Plural. 



lapides, stones, 

 lapidum, of stones, 

 lapidibus, to stones, 

 lapides, stones, 

 lapides, stones .' 



nrbes, cities. 

 urbium, of cities. 

 urbibus, to cities, 

 urbes, cities. 

 urbes, cities/ 



Ab. regibus, by Icings, lapidibus, by stones. urbibus, by cities. 



A few words of explanation may here be desirable. The Latin 

 c represents the Greek g (gamma), and for the most part was 

 pronounced like our fe. Thus, the Romans pronounced Cicero, 

 the name of their great orator, Kikero. Now the x in judex is 

 made up of these letters, thus, judecs the c and s blending 

 together to form x; hence, judec, judicis, judecs: in the genitive, 

 the laws of pronunciation convert the e of the nominative into 

 if as it does in comes, comitis. From this example you see 

 that the variations which words undergo are not arbitrary. 

 Those variations depend on the nature of the letters that come 

 together, and in their ultimate causes, on the structure of the 

 organs of speech, as these organs are in each nation modified 

 by natural endowments, climate, culture, and a variety of other 

 circumstances. 



The b in urbs may be considered as equivalent to p, for b 

 and p being labials that is, letters in pronouncing which the 

 lips are chiefly used are, as letters of the same organ, inter- 

 changeable, or may be used the one for the other, under certain 

 conditions. 



VOCABULARY. 



JEtas, setatis, t., age. \ Grex, grCgis, m., a 1 Plebs, plebis, f., the 

 Artifex, artiflcis, m., flock, people (plebs has no 



an artist or ai-tificer. Lex, legis, f., a law. plural). 



Cselebs, caellbis, m., a Merces, mercedis, f., Seges, segStis, corn- 



bacJielor. a reward. land. 



Cervix, cervicis, f., the Miles, militis, m., a Stirps, stirpis, f., a 



neck. soldier. race, stem. 



Eques, equltis, m., a Pollex, pofflcis, m., 



horseman or fenight. the thumb. 



EXERCISE 29. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Artifices debent pueros docere. 2. Pollicem movet rex. 3. Reges 

 custodiunt leges. 4. Leges custodiuntur a regibus. 5. Filius polli- 

 cem mordet. 6. Equites vexantur. 7. Artifices ornant urbes. 8. 

 Merces artificum nutriunt filios et filias. 9. Calebs dormit. 10. Plebs 

 defenditur. 11. Stirps artificis laudatur. 12. Estne tibi seges ? 13. 

 Cervix militis Iseditur. 14. Cselibis stas magna est. 



EXERCISE 30. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. I defend artists. 2. Artists are defended by me. 3. Has he a 

 reward ? 4. He has not a flock. 5. I am pricked in the neck. 6. 

 Artists paint flocks. 7. The laws of the kings are deadly. 8. The 

 corn-land of the horseman is yielded. 9. Why is the bachelor blamed ? 

 10. The people blame bachelors. 11. Soldiers have rewards. 12. Age 

 teaches many things (multa). 



CLASS II. 



NOUNS WITH VOWEL-STEMS; PARISTLLABIC. 



With and without the termination s. 

 For the most part feminines. 



EXERCISE 31. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Aves fallunt crolibes. 2. Matrcs occidnntur febribus. 3. Valde 

 diligo mare. 4. Mare diligitur a nautis. 5. Agricolae colunt segetes. 

 6. Nautse sunt in navibus. 7. In orbe est ignis. 8. In iguibus sunt 

 fratres. 9. Altaria sunt deabus. 10. Nonne diis sont altaria ? 11. 

 Securi defendunt agricolee ovilia. 



EXERCISE 32. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Sailors defend ships with (their) bodies. 2. Birds are on the 

 rocks. 3. Are rocks loved by sailors ? 4. Slaughter injures the 

 people. 5. Birds strike the clouds. 6. Axes defend the ships. 7. 

 The birds of the citizens are injured. 8. The seat of the prince is 

 praised. 9. We conquer the companions of the princes. 



General view of nouns of the third declension, according to ilieir 

 steiiis : 



Class J. 



Nouns with consonantal stems, or imparisyllabic. 

 1st division : Nouns without the termination s. 



1st subdivision : Nouns in which the nominative and the stem are 

 the same ; the stems end in r and I. 



. 2nd subdivision : Nouns in which the nominative and the stem are 

 different ; the stems end in n and r. 



2nd division : Nouns with the termination s, with the sounds 

 fc, t, p. 



Class II. 



Nouns with the vowel-stems, or parisyllabic. 

 With and without the termination s. 



Some peculiarities belonging to this declension must bft 

 briefly indicated. The termination of the accusative singular ia 

 properly TO, which is connected with the consonantal stem by 

 the interposition of e. In the vowel-stems no interposing vowel 

 is required, because there is a vowel in the stem. That vowel 

 is i. Vowel-stems, therefore, end in im in the accusative, and 

 in i in the ablative singular ; for the most part, however, they 

 in usage have e in both. However, in sitis, thirst, tussis, a 

 cough, and vis, strength, i only is used. Vis is a defective noun, 

 and is thus declined : singular, vis, vim, vi ; plural, vires, 

 virium, viribus, vires, vires, viribus, the plural being complete 

 and regular. In these nouns, namely, febris, a fever ; securis, 

 an axe ; pelvis, a basin ; turris, a tower ; and restis, a cord, wn 

 is more usual than em ; but less usual than em is it in classis, 



