THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



the signs of the section of the stem, the signs of tho loaf, 

 and, lastly, the signs of tho flower. We may, therefore, divide 

 the various members of the vegetable kingdom as follows : 

 Cryptogatnic, or flowers 



not apparent. 



Phffinogamous, or 

 flowers apparent. 



/Endogenous. Monocotyledonous. Leaf-reins 

 J parallel. Paris of the flower in fours or fives. 

 J Exogenous. Dicotyledonous. Leaf- veins reti- 

 V ciliated. Parts of the flower in threes. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XVII. 



SECTION XXXI. INSEPARABLE PAETICLES. 



BESIDES the separable particles (Sect. XXVI.). there is another 

 class (be, cmv, cut, cr, imp, w, etc., 94) that, unlike the former, 

 are never used apart from the radical words to which they are 

 prefixed, and hence are called inseparable particles ; thus by the 

 union of these particles be, ctnp, cnt, cr, etc., with the radicals 

 fcbjcn, etc., we have the compounds bcfcfytcn, empfinrcn, entbe&rcn, 

 <r&.otcu, mipfafleii, ccr^crcn, jermalmcn, etc., corresponding in forma- 

 tion to the English compounds be-tray, de-rive, dis-may, mis- 

 take, etc. With few exceptions (as begcifiern, bcfcctcn), however, 

 German, unlike most English radicals, may be used as well alone 

 as in combination with prefixes ; as, fiorcn, to disturb ; jcrftcvcn, 

 to demolish. 



Many particles iii German, which are used to modify radical 

 verbs, have their exact equivalents in English, as : 3>cutcn, to 

 interpret ; mijiicutcn, to misinterpret ; fatten, to fall ; befallen, to 

 befall, etc. ( 97. 1, 2, etc.) 



in German, as in English, the inseparable particles never take 

 the primary accent. ( 98.) 



1. i>cr, which is often rendered by the English "ago," unlike 

 tho latter, always prcceJcs the word of time to which ifc refers, 

 as -. ftr irar ?or \\vti Stuntcn f;icr, he was here two hours ago 

 ly, ho was hero before two hours). 



<2cit (since), when used with words denoting time, often 



answers to "for" or "during," as: G'r ift feit ciner SBoctye franf, 



been (literally is, see Sect. XVII. 6) sick for a week. 



c tfyn fcit cincin ganjen 3al)rc nid;t gcfcfycn, I have not seen him 



./!!,(,;;/ a whole year (a whole year since). . 



2lnt'it.wten, to answer 



rau&itive), 



1'cant'njcrtcn, to an- 

 swer (transitive). 



'in-gritn'cc;i, to consti- 

 tute. 



~3e[cf;vci'ben, to de- 

 scribe. 



Sctra'gcn, to behave. 



(Srftn'ttn, to invent. 



G'tljal'ten, to receive. 



(Jrttte'rrigen, to lower. 



VOCABULARY. 



(Srjfcii, to eat. 

 G'ewtt'tcr. H. tempest, 



thunder and light- 

 __ ning. 



Saltcn, to hold. 

 jftcft, n. nest. 

 *l>aar, n. pair. 

 9Wfe, /. journey. 

 Mcifcn, to travel. 

 tScb. nwtbc, /. swallow, 

 id), himself, etc. 



(Sect. XVII. 2.) 



Sticfcl, m. boot. 



StiTcn, to disturb, 

 interrupt. 



Jragen, to carry. 



Irinfcn, to drink. 



s l>erfprc'c$cn,to promise. 



ierfte'6,cn, to under- 

 stand. 



3cttnng, /. newspaper, 

 gazette. 



3erflij'rcn, to destroy, 

 demolish. 



RESUM OP EXAMPLES. 



Sicfen febonen Jiana'ricnuogel fcat 



mir mein SSatcr $cutc -Kcrgcn 



gcgc'bcn. 

 lie Srcunce 6,a6en ftcb. in ten ar- 



ten bcgc'bcn. 

 Sic fetntlidp'e Slrmee $at ficb erae'. 



ten. 

 Dcr Secret 6,at bem flnabcn cerge'- 



bm. 



My father gave me this beauti- 

 ful canary-bird this morning. 



Tho friends have betaken them- 

 selves to the garden. 



The hostile army has surren- 

 dered (itself). 



The teacher has pardoned the 

 boy. 



EXERCISE 54. 



1. 2BiI( 36,r @o$n mcin $ferb fatten? 2. <5r 6.at ti geljdten, abet 

 n tyat ctncn SSrief crtyattcn, tuddjen cr (efcn tmtl. 3. SBie ^at fid; ttcfer 

 vTnate bctracjcn ? 4. (5r (jat nci> gut betragen, cr l)at nteinen 9legenfd;irm 

 getragcit. 5. 3Me Slttffcn ^a6en etnen tapfcrn -5e(ten gefunren. 6. !t)ie 

 3>c;iti\1;en ftnbcn ntcle nu^tt^e ^unfle erfuntcn. 7. Siefcr SScttlcr fivit cine 

 Stunte JH tcr Jfiurc gejlanfccn, er fiat mid; nidjt verflantcn. 8. -&at 

 tcr 2d;uf)mad;cr 3cit, mir cin SJ)aar (Seob. LXI.) Stiefel 511 mad;en ? 

 9. G'v l)at feine 3tt, 3traen ttcfel ;u mad;en, er fyat Intern ju tiel vn> 

 fptod;et'. 10. at tcr Waiter mcfyr Jtaffce ju trinfcn, a( 23n>b ju crfen? 

 11- s at SSroti genug ju cffen um> SBaffcc jit trinfen, afccr cr !;-t fcinen 



J?affec. 12. abcn Sic ticfetben S8ud)er, h)eld;e mcin 9cad;&ar gefiafit 6atV 

 ta- i!i.urciV feiiiciu ^Brutet geantrccvtct '< 11. ?lcin, id; bah 

 feiucii i s ncf fcwntwcvtct. 



EXERCISE 55. 



1. They have recommended the foreigners to me and to you. 

 2. There lives in Naples a friend of mine ; I shall recommend 

 him to you. 3. One of my friends, whom you have seen with 

 me, has travelled in America, and has written a letter to mo, in 

 which he describes his journey. 4. A man of honour lowers him- 

 self to IIXTJ nobody, in whatever condition he may find himself. 

 5. Did you receive the news before us ? 6. I received it after 

 you; the whole neighbourhood too was informed of it, as wo 

 received your letter. 7. The children promised their father to 

 be obedient. 8. Advantages may be derived from this inven- 

 tion, which nobody can account for. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXERCISE 56. 



1. d;t 36, r >err 45atcr fycutc nicfjt aiis? 2. (Sr ijl fd;cn auga.ca.ang.en, 

 er tft (Sect. XXII.) fycutc 3Hc>rgen fefir iru& aufaeftantcn. 3. So ift 

 er tyingegangen ? 4. (?r ift ju fcinem 9tacb.bar gegangen, ev fti(l auf ta 

 Sant gcl)cn. 5. 323 o ruotlcn ie 6ingct;cn? 6. 3d; mup nuf ten 5DJavft, 

 in ten arten, an ten ^runner. ije(;en. 7. ein 8vcunb t;at i;m gcfetjricbcn, 

 raj; er in flmevifa anoiefommen ift. 8. 2Bann tjaben ie angcfunaen, 

 Tciirf^ 511 (cvncn? 9. 3d; babe "set fecfjS SCBocbcn angcfangcn 311 Ufcn 

 10. iBann molten Sie anfangen, franjofifd; nt lerncn? 11. 3d; I;a6e fd;rn 

 angefangcn 511 lefcn, lint U'crte bait anfangcn ju fprcctjcn. 12. SfljefWn @ic 

 mir ten cfaUen trjcigcn, etnc ?aiwc an;u^untcn ? 18. 3d; itill c8 mit 

 tern grfpten ikrjmigcn tbnn. 14. Jjat ta3 S'tenftmAtci'cn tao ^ciicr fcfu'H 

 angemacl)t'? 15. SJcin, fie ^at c^ nod; niefjt angcmadit. 



EXERCISE 57. 



1. Will you have the goodness to pronounce those words to 

 me ? 2. Do you pronounce well ? 3. I believe I pronounce 

 well, but my brother pronounces better. 4. Many an innocent 

 mind has been hurt by reading pernicious books. 5. Tho 

 tempest has disturbed the company in their enjoyments, and 

 has destroyed the house. 6. I have papers to read and letters 

 to write. 7. Those persona who set firo to the house ought to 

 be punished. 



SECTION XXXII. VARIOUS IDIOMS. 



SBettc (plural) is declined like an adjective, ai|d, unlike its 

 equivalent (both), comes after the article or pronoun with whiuh 

 it is used, as : 3)ie bciten 4?anfcc, both the hands ; mcine bciten 

 J&ante, both my hands. 31 U e (all) is sometimes, for tho sake of 

 emphasis, placed before beire, and may together bo translated, 

 " both of them," or simply, " both," as : Me bcire, both of them; 

 both. 



1. 33cire3 (neuter singular) is frequently employed to couplo 

 two things different in kind, whether designated by nouns alike 

 or different in gender, as : 2Bem geftort ( 129. 2) tiefe$ fflieffer unb 

 tiefcS Sd;n)crt ? >J3cite gefunt metnem grcunte, both belong to my 

 friend. $at 3&ncn ter Ulirmacfeer nut He llb,r, cter aud; tiefcn 9iiua. 

 gemadjt ? Gr ^at sBcitc* gem*d;t ; or, 33cite gcmacjjt. Sink Sie. mi: 

 ter ilfyr unfc tern 9Zing jufrtcten ? Sfcin, id; bin mit iBeitem unuifrieten, 

 tenn jyeitc^ ift nicbt nad; metnem 2Bunfd;c, no, I am dissatisfied with 

 both, for both are not according to my wish. 



2. For the pronoun " neither " the phrase fctueS or feinS son 

 beiten is used, as: -fcafcn ic taS ncue ctcr ta3 attc S3ud;? 3d; JjaH 

 fein^ con Seiten, I have neither (of the two). 



8. 9ccd;t and llntecb. t, like the words "right" and "wrong," are 

 nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The phrases, however, "to bo 

 right, to be wrong," are expressed in German by the noun, with 

 the transitive verb f> a b e it, as : ftr f l .tt JJtcebt, he (7ias) is right. 

 Sie f;.ibcn nid;t Unrcdn. you (hare) are not wrong. 



4. (S'ben fu, before an adjective, signifies "just aa," as: Ti.'i.-j 

 Jtinfc iff cbcn fo alt nit jcne, this child is jitsi as old as that. iEiefer 

 ffliann fiat cbtn fo vicl .Uhi^itit niie sUevflant, this man has just as 

 much prudence as n adorotanding. 



