LESSONS IN ENGLISH. 



EXIRCIBK 30. I AT1N. 



1. Artifices defeado. 2. Artifice* a me deftnduntnr. 3. Estne illi 



woroes ? 4. Pecus non est illi. 5. In oenrioo pungor. 0. Artifices 



phiKuut pecoro. 7. Funestss nuut rogum kges. 8. Beges equitis 



ur vituperotur calol,s ? lu. CwLbes vitoperat plcbi. 



11. Suut luilitibus meroodes. 1-'. Multu dooet sstas. 



EXXRCISX 31. LATIN-KNOUHH. 



.Is deceive bachelors. 2. Mothers are slain by fevers. 3. I 

 Kreutly like the sea. 4. The Ma i* liked by wuloni. 6. Husbandmen 

 , coru-flclJg. 6. There ore Bailors in the ships. 7. There is 

 :. in the globe. 8. The brothers are in the fires (flames). 0. The 

 goddesses have altars. 10. Hare not the {rods altars? 11. The 

 husbandmen defend the sheepf olds with a hatchet. 



EXERCISE 32. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Corporibus naves defendant nautm. 2. In rnpibns snnt ares. 

 3. A uautia rupes ne nmantur? 4. Nocot plebi erodes. 5. Ares 

 feriuut nubes. 6. Secures defendant naves. 7. Civium aves nooentur. 

 !-. Principiu sedile laudatur. '.'. Viiicimus principum comites. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. X. 



DERIVATION.-PEEFIXES (continued). 



IN tho prefixes and quotations given in former lessons, we may 

 find a species of indirect history. Tho facts sot forth in connec- 

 tion with them, show ns how much ours is a composite language, 

 a language that is like the composite order of architecture, mode 

 up of elements derived from different sources. Tho facts also 

 inform us that the English nation has been ckmely connected 

 with tho French, and so is much indebted to the ancient Latins. 

 To tho corrupt Latin of tho Middle Ages we are also obviously 

 indebted ; and from tho Greek tongue we have derived words 

 and parts of words. Nor have Italy and Spain failed to con- 

 tributo to the enrichment of our language. In historical or 

 genealogical relations, we Englishmen of this day are connected 

 with tho Norman baron as well as the Saxon churl ; with tho 

 monk and the schoolmen, no less than with the conquerors of 

 tho world ; and may fancy tho lino of our relationship to stretch 

 from tho Thames to the Rhine, and from the Rhino even to the 

 Indus and tho Ganges. If every sentence that has been written 

 to convey to tho world a history of England had totally perished, 

 still scholars, out of the fossil remains of the nation discover- 

 able in its words, would, after the manner of the geologists, be 

 able to reproduce the great outlines of our English life. Even 

 single words are full of the elements of history. Those ele- 

 ments are often beneath tho surface; at least they are not 

 obvious to the common eye. I give you, however, an instance, 

 the historical value of which is clear to all. When, in the early 

 part of the reign of Charles I., the Puritan party began to rise 

 against the royal authority, the more demure members of the 

 party wore their hair cropped so close and short, as, in contrast 

 with tho full and flowing locks of tho courtiers, to give their 

 heads the appearance of so many bowls. Queen Henrietta 

 Maria, tho spouse of Charles, observing this marked peculiarity, 

 graphically as well as wittily termed them roundheads. The 

 particular occasion was tho following : " Samuel Barnadiston, 

 a noted republican, was, in his youth, tho leader of a deputation 

 of London apprentices, for tho purpose of communicating to 

 Parliament their notions regarding civil and religions govern- 

 ment. The queen, who saw this posse arrive at Whitehall, then 

 first noticed the extraordinary roundness of their closely-clipped 

 heads, and saw at the samo time tliat Samuel was a personable 

 apprentice ; upon which she exclaimed, ' La \ what a handsome 

 young roundhead \' The exactness of tho descriptive appella- 

 tion fixed it at once as a party name ; roundheads they were 

 called from that moment, and roundheads they will remain 

 while history endures."* You thus eee that tho term "Round- 

 head " contains a history. It also paints a picture. In the 

 word " roundhead " we possess an historical picture ; and the 

 picture which it paints all can appreciate. Why ? Because tho 

 word consists of Saxon terms, nursery terms. Translate tho 

 Saxon " roundhead " into Latin, rot undum caput, and so far from 

 painting a picture, tho term does not convey any meaning to the 

 mere English scholar. If, then, you would be understood by the 



"Lives of the Queens of England," by Agnes Strickland 

 vol. riii., p. 99. 



people, one word* of maun origin. ifot If you 

 acquainted with UM English laming*, tody its Latin, an4 

 generally it* foreign elements, M UMM are they with which TO. 

 do not become familiar in the nonary, and which nnsMiqiiaatlj 

 present difficulties, and obstruct the pathway to knowledge. 

 These remarks suggest Masons why we are entering to folly 

 into the composition of English word*. 



Hyper, of Greek origin (forp, pronounced ho'-per, wjMm, over, 

 too much), found in hyper-critic ; that in, one who i* tov critical, 

 unjustifiably critical. 



"The hyptreritioaU eeatroMOer of poeU, Julius Seahfer, doth so 

 evenly oeusure nations, that he ssstasth to ait ia the chairs of the 

 cornfull." dm*.. 



Hypo, of Greek origin (two, pronounced hu-po), with the import 

 of under, appears in hypocrisy, acting under a mtuk, acting an 

 assumed character, involving both simulation or pretending to 

 something you are not, and dissimnlation or concealing what 

 yon are. Hypo appears also in hypotenuse (Greek, rcwir, 

 pronounced ti-nino, to stretch). 



" The square of the hypotatuM ia a right-angled triangle is equal to 

 the squares of the two other sides." Lock*, " JTmisn TTmfiisfnss<iij|.- 



Hypo appears also in hypothesis (Greek, 0ij<m, pronounced 

 the-sis, a placing), wh : ch by its derivation signifies a placing 

 wider, as is intimated in the Latin supposition (sob, under; and 

 ponere, to place). An hypothesis, then, is a supposition some- 

 thing put under certain phenomena or appearances in order 

 to explain their cause or immediate origin. 



" Any hypothesis which possesses a sufficient degree of plansfbilitr 

 to account for a number of facto, helps na to digest these facts in 

 proper order, to bring now ones to light, and to make ttjimtmmtj 

 cruets (that is. decisive tests) for the sake of future inquiries." 

 Hartley, " On .Man." 



In, of Latin origin, signifying in, into, and upon, having also 

 a negative force, appears in these forms, namely, ig, H, im, in, 

 ir, is. 



ly, as in the Latin word umoramus, denoting one who knows 

 nothing. Here ig makes the statement in the verb equivalent 

 to a negative proposition. Jjmoramns properly signifies we arc 

 ignorant. An ignoramus once in a letter to me spoke of igno- 

 rami, fancying, with a smattering of Latin, that the plural of 

 mus was mi. If ignoramus is used in the plural, it must stand 

 as ignoramuses ; but Beaumont uses ignoramus itself as a 

 plural. 



" Give blockheads boere. 

 And silly ignoramus, such as think 

 There's powder-treason in all Spanish drink." 



Ignoramus is used also as an adjective ; e.g., 



" Let ignoramus juries find no traitors ; 

 And ignoramus poets scribble satires." 



II, as in illegal, not legal ; illegitimate, not legitimate ; the 

 root of both being lex, legis, Latin, a {ate. In illustrate (Latin, 

 lux, light), the il denotes upon ; illustrate is to throw light upon 

 a subject. In ittusory (Latin, ludo, I play, cheat), deceptive, the 

 il seems to be little more than intensive. 



Im, into, as imbibe (Latin, bibo, I drink), imbody (embody). 



" The soul grows clotted by contagion, 

 Imbodte* and tmbruts, till she quito lose 

 The divine property of her first being." Jfflton. 



In imbitter, the im (or em) is intensive or angmentive. In 

 immature (Latin, maturns, ripe), the tm is negative immature 

 means unripe ; im is negative also in immemorial (Latin, memor, 

 mindful) ; immemorial usage is usage time out of mind. 



" And though some impious wits do questions move, 



And doubt if souls immortal be or no, 

 That doubt their immortality doth prove, 



Because they seem immortal things to know." 



The root of immortal is the Latin more (mortis in the genitive), 

 death; whence mortal. 



In, in, as in inclose (Latin, clando, I dote), to shut in ; in, 

 info, as income ; in means also not. as incognito (abridged into 

 incog.), a word coming to us from the Latin incognitus, unJbuwn, 

 through the Spanish incognito. Inconvenient is made up of in, 

 not, cum, trifh, and venio, I come; inconvenient, therefore, is 

 that which does not come with you, does not agree with your 



