342 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN FKENCH. XXII. 



SECTION XXXVIII. USES OF REFLECTIVE VERBS (continued). 



1. THE reflective verb se passer is used idiomatically in the 



sense of to do witlwut. It is followed by the preposition de, 



when it comes before a noun or a verb. 



Vous passez-vous de ce livre ? Do you do without that book ? 



Je ne puis m'eu passer, I cannot do inthout it. 



2. Se servir [2, ir. ; see 62], to use, also requires the prepo- 

 sition de before its object. 



Je me sers de votre canif, I use your penknife. 



Je ne m'en sers pas, I do not use it. 



3. The second example of the two rules above shows that, 

 when the object of those verbs is a thing, it is represented in 

 the sentence by the pronoun en. 



Je m'en sers j je m'en passe, I use it ; I do without it. 



4. The pronoun* used as indirect object of a reflective verb, 

 if representing a person, follows the verb [ 100 (4)]. 



Je puis me passer de lui, I can do without him. 



Je m'adresse a vous et a elle, I apply to you and to her. 



5. S'endormir [2, ir. ; see 62], to fall asleep, and s'eveillor, 

 to awake, are also reflective. 



Je m'endors aussitot que je me I fall asleep as soon as I go to bed. 



couche, 

 Je m'eveille a six heures du matin, I awake at six o'clock in the morning. 



6. S'approcher, to come near, to approach ; s'eloigner, to draw 

 lack, to leave, take the preposition de before a noun. Their 

 object, when a pronoun, is subject to Rules 3 and 4 above. 



Votre fils s'approche-t-il du feu ? 



II lie s'eu approche pas, 



II s'dloigne de moi et de vous, 



Does your son draw near the fire 1 



He does not come near it. 



He goes from me and from you. 



RESUME OF EXAMPLES. 



Do you use that knife ? 

 I do not use it, it does 1 

 What knives do you use? 



We use steel knives. 



Vous servez-vous de ce couteau ? 



Je ue m'en sers pas, il lie coupe pas. I do not use it, it does not cut. 



De quels couteaux vous servez- 

 vous ? 



Nous nous servons de couteaux 

 d'acier. 



Pouvez-vons vous passer d' argent? Can you do without money ? 



Nous ne pouvons nous en passer. We cannot do without it. 



Vous passez-vous de votre maitre ? Do you do without your teacher ? 



Nous nous passous de lui. We do without him. 



Vousadressez-vous aces messieurs? Do you apply to those gentlemen? 



Nous nous adressons a eux et a We apply to them and to you. 

 vous. 



Vous vous endormez facilenieut. You go to sleep easily. 



Je m'dveille de tros-boune heure. I awake very early. 



Pourquoi vous approchez-vous du Why do you come near the fire ? 

 feu? 



Je m'en approche parceque j'ai I come near it because I am cold. 

 froid. 



Nous nous eloignons du feu. We go from the fire. 



Nous nous en eloignons. We go from it. 



Nous nous approclions de notre We go near our father. 

 pere. 



Nous nous approehons de lui. We go near him. 



EXERCISE 71. 



1. Pouvez-vous vous passer d'encre ? 2. Nous pouvons nous 

 en passer, nous n'avons rien a ecrire. 3. Vous servez-vous de 

 vo'tre plume ? 4. Je ne m'en sers pas ; en avez-vous besoin ? 

 5. No voulez-Tous pas vous approcher du feu ? 6. Je vous 

 suis bien oblige, je n'ai pas froid. 7. Pourquoi ces demoiselles 

 sY'Joignent-elles de la fenetre ? 8. Elles s'en eloignent parce- 

 on'il y fait trop froid. 9. Ces enfants ne s'adressent-ils pas a 

 vous? 10. Us s'adressent a moi et a mon frere. 11. A quelle 



* The rule does not apply to the reflective pron'^, wliich is some- 

 times an indirect object. 



heure vous eveillez-vous le matin ? 12. Je m'eveille ordinaire- 

 ment a six heures moins un quart. 13. Vous levez-vous aussitdt 

 que vous vous eveillez P 14. Je me leve aussitot que je m'eveille. 

 15. De quels livres vous servez-vous ? 16. Je me sers des 

 miens et des votres. 17. Ne vous servez-vous pas de ceux de 

 votre frere ? 18. Je m'en sers aussi. 19. Les plumes dont [Sect. 

 XXX. 8] vous vous servez sont-elles bonnes? 20. Pourquoi 

 votre ami s'eloigne-t-il du feu ? 21. II s'en eloigne parcequ'il a 

 trop chaud. 22. Pourquoi votre domestique s'en approche-t-il? 

 23. II s'en approche pour se chauffer. 24. Vous ennuyez-voua 

 ici ? 25. Je ne m'ennuie pas. 



EXERCISE 72. 



1. Will you lend me your penknife ? 2. I cannot do without 

 it, I want it to mend my pen. 3. Do you want to use my book ? 

 4. I want to use it, will you lend it to me ? 5. What knife 

 doea your brother use ? 6. He uses my father's knife, and my 

 brother's fork. 7. Will you not draw near the fire ? 8. We 

 are much obliged to you, we are warm. 9. Is that young lady 

 warm enough ? [Sect. XXXIII. 3.] 10. She is very cold. 11. 

 Tell her (dites-lui) to come near the fire. 12. Why do you go 

 from the fire ? 13. We are too warm. 14. Does your brother 

 leave the window ? 15. He leaves the window because he is 

 cold. 16. To whom does that gentleman apply ? 17. He 

 applies to mo and to my brother. 18. Why does he not apply 

 to me? 19. Because he is ashamed to speak to you. 20. Do 

 you awake early every morning ? 21. I awake early when I go 

 to bed early. 22. Why do you go to sleep ? 23. I go to sleep 

 because I am tired. 24. Are you afraid to go near your father ? 

 25. I am not afraid to approach him. 26. Can you do without 

 us? 27. We cannot do without you, but we can do without 

 your brother. 28. Do you want my brother's horse ? 29. No, 

 Sir, we can do without it. 30. Do you intend to do without 

 money ? 31. You know very well that we cannot do without it. 

 32. Is your brother weary of being here ? 33. He is not weary 

 of being here. 34. Come near the fire, my child. 



LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. XX. 



RATIO AND PROPORTION. 



1. IN comparing two numbers or magnitudes with each other, 

 we may inquire either by how much one is greater than the 

 other, or how many times one contains the other. 



This latter relation namely, that which is expressed by the 

 quotient of the one number or magnitude divided by the other 

 is called their Ratio. 



Thus the ratio of 6 to 2 is 6 -7- 2, or 3. The ratio of 7 to 5 

 is 7 -T- 5, or, as it would be written, the fraction \. The two 

 numbers thus compared are called the terms of the ratio. The 

 first term is called the antecedent, the last the consequent. It 

 will be seen that any ratio may be expressed as a fraction, the 

 antecedent being the numerator, and the consequent the deno- 

 minator. A ratio is, in fact, the same thing as a fraction. 

 When we talk of a ratio, we regard the fraction from rather a 

 different point of view, namely, as a means of comparing the 

 magnitude of the two numbers which represent the numerator 

 and the denominator, rather than as an expression indicating 

 that a unit is divided into a number of equal parts, and that so 

 many of them are taken. 



2. The ratio of two numbers is often expressed by writing 

 two dots, as for a colon, between them. Thus the ratio of 6 to 

 3 is written 6:3; that of 3 to 5, 3 : 5, etc. 



The expressions | and 3 : 5, it must be borne in mind, mean 

 exactly the same thing. 



A direct ratio is that which arises from dividing the antece- 

 dent by the consequent. 



An inverse or reciprocal ratio is the ratio of the reciprocals* of 

 the two numbers. Thus, the inverse ratio of 3 : 5 is the ratio 



of i : |, or otherwise expressed f, which is the same as f, or 



5 



otherwise expressed, 5 : 3. 



Hence we see that the inverse ratio of two numbers is ex- 

 pressed by inverting the order of the terms when the ratio is 



* The reciprocal of a number or fraction is the number or fraction 

 obtained by inverting it. Thus, the reciprocals of 5, |, $, etc., are 

 respectively \, f i 6. 



