LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. 



,u be o infatuated as to pursue a oourM wliich you know will 



I'llil in i HI- ! 



\ ruih on destruction f 

 hay no, if the owe wero your omt f 



5. Tho i or last inflection but one, in, in 



moat Ht-ntoiicoH, a rising Kliih-, by whi.-h ihu voice prepare* for 

 an easy and natural descent at the cadence, as : 



:.,-U . r,.ii,l.!.-. the trtfi fall, the leaves fade, and tbe gnu* 



JBM2><i"/i. Kmpharis may sometimes make tho pcnultimato 

 ;.-ud of rwing; a* the abruptness of that slido 

 gives a morr lon-iUc effect: 



Tli. ' i i-i-ili.-.l tl.ro :.-li liko a hurricane ; like an army of locust*, 

 they li;r. the war baa fallen like a waterspout, 



loluged tho luinl with blood. 



s on the FaUimj Inflection. 



1. Tho " intensive, downward slide," or "low," falling 

 induction, occurs in the emphasis of r. // </<> id emotion, as : 

 *O* li.< just and tho glorioiu itrift! 



2. Tho " full " falling inflection usually takes place at 

 tho cadence, or close, of a sentence, as : 



No life is pleasing to God, but that which is useful to mankind. 



tion. When the meaning expressed at the close of one 

 sentence is modified by the sense of the next, the voice may 

 rise, instead of falling, as : 



We are not here to discuss this question. We are como to act 

 upon it. 



Geutlemeu may cry " peace, p<*aco ! " But there is no peace. 



3. The " moderate " falling inflection occurs at the end 

 of a clause which forms complete sense, independently of what 

 follows it, as : 



Law and order are forgotten : violence and rapine are abroad : the 

 golden cords of society are loosed. 



Exception. Plaintive expression, and poetic style, whether in 

 the form of verso or of prose, take the "slight" rising inflection, 

 in its prolonged form : 



Cold o'er his limbs the listless langonr grew ; 

 Paleness came o'er bis eye of placid blue ; 

 Pale mourned the lily where the rose had died ; 

 And timid, trembling, came be to my side. 



The daks of the mountains fall : tbe mountains themselves decay 

 with years ; the ocean shrinks and grows again ; the moon herself is 

 lost in heaven; * but thou art for ever the same, rejoicing in tbe 

 brightness of thy course. 



Rule 4. Tho " suspensive," or slight falling inflection, takes 

 place in every member but one of the " series," or successive 

 words and clauses, connected by the same conjunction, ex- 

 pressed or understood. 



Note 1. A succession of words is termed a " simple series;" 

 a succession of clauses a "compound scries." A succession of 

 words which leave sense incomplete is termed a " commencing 

 eeries ;" that which leaves complete sense, a "concluding series." 

 A "commencing series" is read with tho "suspensive," or slight 

 falling inflection, on every member but the hist ; a concluding 

 Beries, with the "suspensive" slide on every member, except 

 the penultimate, or last but one. 



" Simple commencing series :" 



Tbe air, the earth, tbe water, teem with delighted existence. 

 " Simple concluding series :" 



Delighted existence teems in tie air, the ?arth,J and the water. J 

 " Compound commencing series :" 



The fluid expanse of the air, tbe surface of the solid earth, the 

 liquid element of water, teem with delighted existence. 



" Compound concluding series :" 



Delighted existence teems iu the fluid expanse of the air, tho surface 

 of the solid earth, t and the liquid element of water.} 



,1. 



Exception I. Emphatic, abrupt, and 

 may have the " moderate" or UM " bold" downward slid* on 

 every member, according to the intensity of sipisssion, an: 



His meet**, hi* fime. bis Bit. wew all at Mate. 



Tho roaring of the wiad, tb nubia* of U* water, tW asifciissi of 

 tho night, all cooapiml to overwhelm hi- ytulty pint with dnad. 



Eloquence la action, oMf. Mime, gudliko actioa. 



The abore. which, but a few aoaante btfovs, lay M lore!/ in iu 

 ealm serenity, gilded with the beau* of UM level ana, BOW raaouaded 

 with the roar of cannon, UM sbouta of battle, the cUah of arms, the 

 cones of hatred, UM shrJsk of atony. 



Exception, 2. Light and humorous description rive* tbe 

 " moderate " upward slide to all tbe members of a series, a* : 



Her books, her music, her piper* , ber etttbes, were all lying about 

 tbe room, in "most admired disorder.*' 



tion 3. The language of pathos (pity), tenderness, and 

 beauty wh r*o or prose takes the " suapenmc," 



or slight rising inflection, except in the last member of the 

 "commencing" and the last but one of the " concluding " 

 " series," which have the nsual " moderate " rising induction, 

 as : 



No mournful flowers, by weeping fondness laid. 

 No pink, no ruse, drooped, on bis breast displayed. 



There wrapt in gratitude, and Joy, and Uve, 

 The man of God will pass in Sabbath : 



* Kisintr slide, for contrast to the following clause, 

 t "Penultimate" rising inflection, preparatory to the cadence, or 

 closing fall of voice, at the end of a sentence. 



$ " Full " falling inflection, for the cadence of a sentence. 



There (in tho grave), vile insects consume tbe band of the artist, 

 the brain of the philosopher, the eye which sparkled with celestial 

 fire, and tho lip from which flowed irresistible eloquence. 



Note 2. All series,. except the plaintive as by their form of 

 numbers and repetition, they partake of the nature of " climax," 

 or increase of signification should be read with a growing 

 intensity of voice, and a more prominent inflection on every 

 member, as : 



The splendour of the firmament, the verdure of the tartb, tbe 

 varied colours of the flowers which fill tho air with thcit fragrance, 

 and the music of those artless voices which mingle on every trfe ; all 

 conspire to captivate our hearts, and to swell them with tbe saost 



rapturous delight. 



This remark applies, sometimes, even to the rising inflection, 

 but, with peculiar force, to cases in which the language is 

 obviously meant to swell progressively in effect, from word to 

 word, or from clause to clause, and which end with a downward 

 slide, on every member, as in tho following instance : 



I tell you, thonph you, though all tbe WOBU>, though an 

 from H'EAVEJf, should declare the truth of it, I could not betters it. 



/,'"' 5. All questions which cannot be answered by Fetor 

 No end with the falling inflection, as : 



When will you cease to trifle ? 



Where can his equal be found ? 



Who has the hardihood to maintain such an assertion ? 



Why come not on these victor* pruud ? 



What was the object of his ambition ? 



How can such a purpose be accomplished t 



Exception. The tone of real or affected surprise throws such 

 questions, when repeated, into tho form of the rising inflec- 

 tion, a.s : 



How can such a purpose be accomplished ! 

 To the diligent all thing* are possible. 



LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. XXII. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE OR SUPERFICIES. 



C. Definition. A square is a four-sidod figure, of which the 

 are equal, and the angles right angles. 



Surfaces are measured by means of tquart inches, souotw feet, 

 sguay yards, etc., i.e., by squares tho sides of which are respec- 

 tively 1 inch, 1 foot, 1 yard in length, etc. 



7. To find the magnitude qf a Square, the lt*gtk of il tide 



Raise the number expressing the number of linear unite 

 (inches or feet, etc.) in tho side to the second power. This will 

 give the number of square units of the same kind in the square. 



For instance, a square, of which the side is 4 inches, contains 



