382 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOK. 



it begins and ends with a scroll ; sometimes the lower scroll is 

 formed into a loop below the line. 



The above description of the method of making the capital 

 letters will prove of considerable assistance to the self-teacher 

 in tracing out their varied forms, although wo might reasonably 

 suppose that he could not err in beginning each letter and 

 ending it in the right place, after the experience that ho has 

 gathered in following carefully and sedulously the instructions 

 given in our lessons en tho formation of the small letters of the 

 writing alphabet. The mode of shaping out each letter is the 

 chief thing that each learner should aim at learning, and this 

 he can do only by repeated practice. Our Copy-slips are 

 arranged alphabetically, so as to give the student a sample of 

 each letter in the alphabet. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XXII. 



SECTION XLI. PECULIAE IDIOMS (continued). 



SOMETIMES,, as in English, a clause or sentence is made to 

 supply the place of an adjective, as: 25te nte ju vergeffenbe cfylacfyt 

 Jet Seipjtg, the never-to-be-forgotten battle by (at) Loipsic. Scr 

 tmmcr ju bemunbcntbe 3But|) Sutler's, the ever-to-be-admired courage 

 of Luther ( 150). 



1. 2lnftatt, like the corresponding English word "instead," is 

 compounded of a preposition and a noun, which components may 

 be separated, as: 2lnftatt fetncS JHatcr?, instead of his father; 

 or, an feme* SBatcvS @tatt, in his father's stead. 



2. The infinitive preceded by anftatt is, in German, used where 

 we use the present participle preceded by " instead of," as : 

 r JVicIt, anflatt $u arbeitcn, he plays " instead of " ivorking. When 

 preceded by the preposition ofyne, it is to be rendered by a par- 

 ticiple governed by the corresponding preposition " without," 

 as: r tft franf, ofyne (8 511 toiffen, he is sick, witlwut knowing it. 

 r ift tyicr gemefen, of)ne un $u fccfuctyen, he has been here with- 

 out visiting us. The infinitive is also often used where we em- 

 ploy the present participle preceded by from, as : r sevtyinbert 

 mid), ju fdjtafcn, he prevents me from sleeping. 



3. The infinitive is also used substantively [without 311: 146. 

 (1) a], as : sBefefylcn tft Icicfjt, c$orctyen farcer, to command is easy; 

 to obey, difficult. It is often preceded by the article, as : 3d> 

 liebe bag cfyreiben, abcr mcfjt bag 3eicfmcn, I like writing, but not 

 drawing. 



4. After gefyen, blctben [ 146. (1) e], etc., the infinitive often 

 answers to our present participle, as: r blicb fifcen, he re- 

 mained sitting (literally, he continued to sit), r blctbt ft el) en, 

 he remains standing. r tfl fifteen gegangen, he has gone a fish- 

 ing. In a sentence which is employed as the subject of a verb, 

 the infinitive frequently rejects the preposition ju ( 146.), as: 

 33cn Sctnb evtf)cibigcn tfl ebc(, or, ben Scinb 311 crt6,ctbtgcn tfl cbet, 

 to defend an (the) enemy is noble. 3u is generally omitted 

 before such verbs as lefyren, to teach; tern en [ 146. (1) c], to 

 learn, etc., as : 3cfy tcfyre tl;n fcfyvetben, I teach him to write. r 

 lernt fprecfjcn, he learns to speak. . 



5. The past participle in German is sometimes used where we 

 use the present, as : JDort fommt ein iDtaitn in softer -&afl gelaufen 

 [ 149. (3)], yonder comes a man running at full speed (in full 

 haste). 



VOCABULARY. 



EESUME OF EXAMPLES. 



3)a3 ctyretbcn ttnb Sefen jie^e tcf> 



alien anbern SBcfcf) fiftigung.cn cor. 



2lnftatt' beg SfBeineg trtnlt er SBajfer. 



2lnftatt ju fcfjrciben, Jieft er. 

 (5r fpvicijt, ojjne 311 benfen. 

 3nrifctyen Sagcn unb Jntn tft ein 



grofjet Un'tcrfcfneb. 

 3nnfd;en bent ^tn'ge^cn unb 3Bte' 



berfommcn mftof}' etne @tunbe. 

 2BoiI;renb fetner .Sranffyett l)abe tcf> 



bie tcfte cine* ffiBactyterg sertre' 



ten. 

 Seine SBcife ju I;anbe(n gefattt' mtr 



nicfyt. 

 cfyttjetgcn tfi uernunf tiger, nU un' 



Derniinftig vcbcn. 



I prefer writing and reading to 

 all other employments. 



Instead of wine, he drinks 

 water. 



Instead of writing, he reads. 



He speaks without thinking. 



Between saying and doing there 

 is a great difference. 



Between departing and return- 

 ing an hour elapsed. 



During his sickness I took the 

 place of a watcher. 



His mode of dealing does not 

 please me. 



To be silent is more reasonable 

 than unreasonable speaking' 

 (to speak unreasonably). 



EXERCISE 78. 



1. 2lnftatt mit einem tocfe sertfyctbigte er ficf> nut etnera Stcgenftytrme. 

 2. 2{nftatt mit <freunben ju gefyen, war er tmmcr in (Sefeftfcfjaft frember 

 Scute. 3. 3n ber tube fyatte man, anftatt beg 23ettc, etne grofjc j?ifte. 4. 

 3n !Bcutfcf)lanb tfl man gegen Srembe fcl;r fyofficf). 5. S5te SBurjem beg 

 SBalbeg roaren feine eiii3ige JRafyrung. 6. 2>ag Sfiaffer t;at bet bicfcr elcgcn* 

 t)cit btc tdlc beg SBeine* tertreten. 7. in filler 6,at bie tefte beg 

 i'cfyrerg wtrctcn. 8. 2lnflatt ber Scbern benu^t man Stetfttfte. 9. 2)ag- 

 9tcifen macfjt mir fcf;r siet SSergnitgcn. 10. SDicine .Kinber tyaben bag 

 cfyreiben unb Sefen ton mir geternt. 11. 2Dir rcoften ge&en ; bicg (angc 

 2Barten ift mir unangcnetmt. 12. 2Jtan jiefjt gcwolmltcfy bag ifcen bent 

 @tel)en vot. 13. r fyat bag Slrbciten in fcincr Sugenb gelernt. 14. Sffiir 

 I;abcn jufammcn bag cfjrctben gelernt. 15. 3c^ ^affe bag cfyreiben, bagc 

 gen licbe tdj) bcfto mefir beg iDfaten. 16. r serflcfit bag 3eirf)ncn beffcr, aB 

 bag COialcn. 17. SBtr ^orten bag turmen ber locfen unb bag onnmt 

 ber Jtanonen. 18. !Dag Jpenlen beg turmeg unb bag nnlbe Soben ber 

 SBeften er^ot;te norJ; ben QJiut^ beg tapfcrn Jta^ttflng unb fetner 2Jfannfc^aft, 

 anftatt tyn yi beugen. 19. ott mef;r gutig a(g gevecfyt benfen, ift cbcn fo 

 siel, atg ott cntel;ren (e((ert). 20. UHeg ntc^t ju entfcf)u(tigcnbe '-Bctva. 

 gen beg c^itlerg frdnfte ben M;rer. 



EXERCISE 79. 



1. The never-to-be-penetrated almightiness of God. 2. I am 

 here instead of my brother. 3. The opposition of the Poles was 

 full of despair; terrific was the singing of their war-song: "Not 

 yet is Poland lost." 4. The reading of instructive books en- 

 larges the understanding. 5. To assist the poor is a Christian 

 duty. 6. The changing of times and seasons and the removing 

 and setting up of kings belong to Providence alone. 7. He de- 

 fends this man without knowing him. 8. The danger heightened 

 the courage of the soldiers, instead of depressing it. 9. The 

 student learns drawing and painting from his brother. 10. This 

 mode of life does not agree with me. 



SECTION XLII. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



The subjunctive mood is employed both in indirect assertions 

 and in indirect -j -j.estions p^fter verbs of speaking, thinking, wish- 

 ing, hoping, etc., i.e., after all verbs <sf mental action, when the 

 actual words of him who spoke, thought, etc., are not quoted, 

 as : r fagt^: fetn Sreunb fet franf, he said his friend was ill (ho 

 actually said, my friend is ill), r fragtc mirfi, leer id) fc;, he asked 

 me who I was (he asked, who are you?). 3Wan fagt, bap cr cm 

 grofjeg SJermogcn fyabe, it is said that he has a great fortune. For 

 further Information on the subjunctive, see 143 ; and for con- 

 jugafc;? of I)aben and fcin in the subjunctive, see 72. 1. 2. 



The subjunctive in German is often translated by the English 

 indicative, as in the following examples : 



fagt, cr fet rcicf). They say he is very rich, 



r meint, eg fet bcffer, fyier ju He thinks it is bettor to stay 



bleiben. here, 



te fagten mir, cr Jrare mctn You told me he was my friend. 



Srcunb. 



3cf) mcinte, eg toarc cm pap. I thought it was a jest. 



2)ian gtaubtc, cr ware auf bem It was thought he was on tlia 



mountain, 



r fagt, ber tfaifer fjabe ityn fce He says the emperor has par- 



gnabigt. doned ' 



