394 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



must be made subservient to the lights, that is, they must be 

 worked about the lights in such a way as to relieve them, anc 

 throw out their forms clearly. The first practical example we 

 will give is Fig. 98, and relates to the drawing, of the trunk and 

 branches. As we have already given the principles which are to 

 guide the pupil in first arranging the trunk and branches, anc 

 afterwards drawing them, we will proceed to the foliage ; anc 

 here we advise ,him to practise many times the examples from 

 Fig. 88 to Fig. 97. The first four are merely masses of foliage, 

 and it will require a considerable amount of repetition to secure 

 a free and flowing manner of accomplishing this first difficulty in 

 drawing foliage. Each example must be done, not by continued 

 lines, but by broken touches, the only way to arrive at that light 

 appearance peculiarly characteristic of foliage. The pencil may 

 be allowed to press a little heavier on the under parts on the 

 opposite side to the light, and it must be held almost perpendi- 

 cularly, because in that position the pencil can be guided 

 upwards, downwards, or to the right and left with equal ease 

 and freedom ; a tolerably soft pencil, say a B, will be the most 

 suitable. To relieve the lights straight lines may be drawn at 

 first, as in Figs. 92, 94, and afterwards the manner of Fig. 96 

 may be employed for the parts of the tree in shadow ; but before 

 attempting Fig. 96 let Fig. 97 be mastered, as the former is 

 but a combination of the latter. Fig. 98 is the same tree as 

 Fig. 99 ; one represents the branches as in winter, the other 

 when covered with foliage, as in summer ; and we advise the 

 pupil to make his drawing of the branches first from Fig. 98, and 

 then arrange the foliage from the other example. We again 

 repeat, all this will require a great deal of patient perseverance, 

 for no one can expect to overcome the difficulties without 

 making many failures ; but we particularly recommend the pupil 

 to execute slowly and carefully the first trials, and not on any 

 account to attempt a sleight-of-hand kind of treatment, from a 

 supposition that a rapid movement of the pencil is necessary to 

 accomplish the task. 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. XXV. 



SECTION XLIV. USES OF REFLECTIVE AND UNIPERSONAL 

 YEEBS [Sect. XXXV.]. 



1. THE reflective or pronominal verb always takes etre as its 

 auxiliary [ 46]. 



Votre cousin s'est promen^, 

 Nos amis se sent flatt^s, 



Your cousin lias taken a waVc. 



Our friends have flattered themselves. 



2. Although the past participle of a reflective verb be conju- 

 gated with etre, it agrees with its direct regimen when that 

 regimen precedes it, and is invariable when the regimen follows 

 it. The student should be careful to see if the reflective pronoun 

 be a direct or an indirect regimen [ 135]. 



YOUB vous frtes flatties, Mesde- You have flattered yourselves, young 



moiselles, ladies. 



Elles se sont donne la main, They have given (to) each other the 



hand. 



It will be easily perceived that vous in the first sentence is a 

 direct regimen, and that the word se in the second represents 

 an indirect object. 



3. Verbs essentially unipersonal, i.e., verbs which cannot be 

 conjugated otherwise, take avoir as an auxiliary. 



H a plu, il a neig, il a gete, It rained, it snowed, it froze. 



4. Verbs occasionally unipersonal take etre as an auxiliary. 

 It lui est arrivd un malheur, A misfortune has happened to him. 



5. Faire [4, ir.] used unipersonally, and y avoir, to be there, 

 take the auxiliary avoir. 



A-t-il fait beau temps le mois pass ? Was it fine weather last month ? 

 Y a-t-il eu beaucoup de monde ? Were there many people there ? 



6. The past participle of a unipersonal verb is always invari- 

 able [ 135 (6)]. 



Les pluies qu'il y a eu cet ^t^, The rains which we have had this 



summer. 



EESUHE OF EXAMPLES. 



Lea Italiennes se sont-elles pro- Did the Italian ladies walk ? 



menses ? 



Oui, Monsieur, elles se sont pro- Fes, Sir, they have taken a walk. 



menses. 



Nous nous sommes aper9us de We perceived that, or ice took notice 



cela, of that. 



Votre mere s'est-elle Men portee ? Hag your mother been well f 

 Vos soeurs se sont-elles assises ? Did your sisters sit down f 

 Cette marchandise s'est-elle bien Did that merchandise sell well f 



vendue ? 

 Vos enfants ce sont-ils appliquds a Did your children apply to study t 



l'<Stude? 



II s'y sont appliquds. They applied to it. 



Nous nous sommes donnd de la We gave (to) ourselves much trouble. 

 peine [ 135 (1)]. 



What weather was it this morning 



Was it not fine weather ? 



WlMt misfortune has happened to 



you? 

 Has anything happened to you? 



Quel temps a-t-il fait ce matin ? 

 N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps ? 

 Quel malheur vous est-il arriv ? 



Vous est-il arriv^ quelque chose ? 

 II ne m'est rien arrivd. 



Nothing has happened to me. 

 VOCABULARY. 



EXERCISE 83. 



1. A qui vos sceurs se sont-elles adressees ? 2. EHes se sont 

 adressees a moi. 3. Ne se sont-elles pas trompees [Sect, 

 XXXVII. 1].; 4. Elles se sont trompees. 5. Vous etes-vous 

 aper9u de votre erreur. 6. Je ne m'en suis pas ape^u. 7. 

 Vous etes-vous ennuyes a la campagne ? 8. Nous nous y 

 sommes ennuyes [Sect. XXXVII. 4]. 9. Ces demoiselles se 

 sont-elles ennuyees chez vous ? 10. Elles s'y sont ennuyees. 

 11. De quoi vous etes-vous servie pour ecrire, Mademoiselle? 

 [Sect. XXXVIII. 2.] 12. Je me suis servie d'une plume d'or. 



13. Ces ecolieres ne se sont-elles pas servies de plumes d'acier ? 



14. Elles se sont servies de plumes d' argent. 15. La Hollan- 

 daise s'est-elle assise ? 16. Elle ne s'est point assise. 17. Lui 

 est-il arrive un malheur ? 18. II ne lui est rien arrive, elle ne 

 se porte pas bien. 19. Ne s'est-elle pas donne [ 135 (1)] de la 

 peine pour rien ? 20. Cette soie ne s'est-elle pas bien vendne ? 

 21. Elle s'est tres-bien vendue. 22. N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps 

 touto la journee ? 23. Non, Monsieur, il a plu, il a neige et il a. 

 grele. 24. N'est-il rien arrive aux deux dames que nous avons 

 vues ce matin ? 25. Non, Madame, il ne leur est rien arrive. 



EXERCISE 84. 



1. Has it rained to-day? 2. It has not rained, but it has 

 hailed and snowed. 3. Has anything happened to your little 

 boy ? 4. Nothing has happened to him, but he is sick to-day. 

 5. Did your sister sit down at your house ? 6. She did not sit 

 down, she was sick. 7. Did that cloth sell well P 8. It sold 

 very well, we have sold it all. 9. Did you perceive your error ? 

 10. We perceived it. 11. Were not your sisters mistaken in 

 this affair ? 12. They were not mistaken. 13. Were not your 

 cousins weary of being in the country ? 14. They were weary 

 of being at my brother's. 15. What have you used to write 

 your exercises ? 16. I used a gold pen, and my brother used a 

 silver pen. 17. Have you used my penknife ? 18. I have used 

 it. 19. What has happened to you ? 20. Nothing has happened 1 

 to me. 21. Has your mother been wejl ? 22. She has not been 

 well. 23. Did your brothers apply to their studies at school ? 



24. They applied to their studies, and have finished their lessons. 



25. What weather was it this morning ? 26. It was very fine 

 weather. 27. Has your sister taken much trouble in this affair? 

 28. She has taken much trouble for nothing. 29. Did the 

 Dutch ladies walk ? 30. They walked this morning. 31. How- 

 far did they walk ? 32. They walked as far as your brother's. 

 33. Have you given each other the hand? 34. We shook hands. 

 35. Those ladies flattered themselves very much. 



LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. XXIII. 



THE MEASURES OF WEIGHT. 

 12. THE smallest weight in use is called a grain, and by Act of 

 Parliament is defined in the following manner: A vessel, of 

 which the capacity is a cubic inch, when filled with distilled 

 water at a temperature of 62 (Fahrenheit's thermometer), has 



