LESSONS IN ARIT1IM 



increased by 252'458 grain*. Of tho grain* thna 



iiiK-J, 7,000 are a JWK. .... 





TEOT WEIGHT. 



1 ::. Tho derivation of tho word Troy is doubtful. One theory 

 ia that it comes from tho town Troyes, in France, because tho 

 Troy ia said to have been first used there. Another 

 <>ynovant," the prehistoric name of London; a 

 tliinl derive* it from f ,-..w (three), because it is the money weight, 

 .mi I that money and monoy weight have each three denominations 

 penny, shilling, pound j pennyweight, ounce, pound 

 weight is used in weighing gold, silver, precious stones, etc., 

 Hud ;i!-i in <i-i. ntifio investigations.* Thojincnet* of gold that 

 i., t!u' ratio of the weight of pure gold in any given mass to tho 

 weight of the whole ia generally estimated by the number of 

 a 3$ grains) of pure gold contained in 24 carats of 

 the given substance, tftundard gold that in, the gold of our 

 coinage ia " 22 carats fine." This means that out of 24 carats 

 of sovereign gold 22 are pure gold. Sometimes this is also 

 expressed by saying that standard gold is |! fine, this being.the 

 ratio of tho puro to tho alloyed metal. Diamonds and other 

 precious stones are weighed by carats. 



Tho following ore the different denominations in Troy weight : 

 84 grains (24 grs.) make 1 pennyweight written 1 dwt. 

 80 pennyweights ,, 1 ounce 1 oz. 



12 ounces 1 pound lib., orlb. 



APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 



14. The weights used by apothecaries ore aliquot parts of tho 

 pound Troy, and are as follow : 



80 grains (grs.) make 1 scruple, written 1 . 



3 scruples 1 dram 1 3. 



8 drama 1 ouuco 1 J. 



12 ounces 1 pound 1 Ib. 



APOTHECARIES FLUID MEASUBH. 



1 minim written w\j. 

 60 minims moke 1 fluid dram f^j. 



8 drama 1 fluid ounce fjj. 



80 ounces 1 pint (octavus) Oj. 



8 pints 1 gallon (cougius) cong. j. 



This is calculated for pure water. Hence (in avoirdupois 

 weight), 



" A pint of pure water 

 Weighs a pound and a quarter." 



AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.f 



15. The pound avoirdupois contains 7,000 grains, and a cubic 

 foot of distilled water, 62 Fahrenheit, weighs 62'321 pounds 

 avoirdupois very nearly. 



The following are the subdivisions : 



16 drams make 1 ounce written 1 oz. 



16 oz. 1 pound 1 Ib. 



28 Ibe. 1 quarter 1 qr. 



4 qrs. (112 pounds) 1 hundredweight 1 cwt. 

 80 cwt. 1 ton 1 ton. 



A stone is the name given to the weight of 14 pounds. 



A sack of cauls is 2 cwt. 



A ton of shipping is 42 cubic feet. 



A load of rough timber is 40 cubic feet. 



A load of squared timber is 50 cubic feet. 



IMPERIAL LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE. 



16. The gallon contains 277*274 cubic inches, and contains 

 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at a temperature of 02 

 Fahrenheit. 



4 gills make 1 pint written 1 pt. 

 2 pints 1 quart 1 qt. 

 4 quarts 1 gallon 1 gal. 



Tor measuring dry goods, such as grain, fruit, etc., we have, 

 farther, the following denominations : 



2 gallons make 1 peck written 1 pk. 



4 pecks (8 gallons) 1 bushel 1 bu. 

 8 bushels 1 quarter 1 qr. 



In measuring liquids, the gallon is tho largest measure recog- 

 nised by legal enactment. There are, however, besides the 



* In scientific calculations and measurements, a decimal system ia 

 most generally now used, as being much more convenient. 



t The weight used for ^weighing heavy goods, goods of weigh* 

 (avoir du pot as). 



above, many denominations still used to trade, which are derived 

 from the names of the casks themselves. 

 For instance, to messtiring wine 



31J gaOoas make 1 hogshead. 



'-' isl * ,. 1 fere*. 



S hogshssds ,. r.orbott. 



* pipes 1 ton. 



Also for spirit* 



10 gallons 



18 gftlloBS ,, 



2 tisross (84 gallons),. 

 And in measuring ale or beer 



9 gallons make 1 ArUm. 



1 kU.lorkl 



ll*rrl. 



IrunM. 



1 



2 kilderkins 



And in dry measure we have also 

 2 quarts 



2 strikes 



17. 



5 quarters) 

 8 loads 



] 

 1 



1 



I 



lload. 



llast. 



MONEY. -COIN AGE. 



MONET OF ACCOUMTS. 



4 farthiuga make 1 penny written Id. 



12 pence ,. 1 nhalling 1s. 



20ahilliuga 1 pound 11. 



A farthing is indicated either as a fractional part of a penny 

 thus, Jd. or by the letter "q" thus, Iq. 



The symbols , s, d, q, are the initial* of the Latin words 

 Libra, solidus, denarius, quadrans. 



These are the subdivisions of money in which accounts are 

 always kept. Besides these, however, we have several coins 

 representing other subdivisions, which are used to facilitate 

 traffic. From this they are called current coins. The following 

 is a list of our 



CURRENT COINS. 



( A Farthing. 

 Copper <. A Halfpenny. 

 I A Penny. 

 ' Threepenny piece. 

 Fourpenny piece. 

 Sixpence. 

 Sflwr Shilling. 



2-shilling piece, or Florin. 

 2^-shilling piece, or Half-crown. 

 ,5-ahilling piece, or Crown, 

 f Half -Sovereign. 



Gold < Sovereign (the pound piece, equivalent 

 ( to 20 shillings). 



It has already been explained, under the head of Troy wdght 

 (Art. 13), that standard gold (that is, the gold of the coinage) is 

 ft, or 22 carats fine. Out of a pound Troy are coined 46g sove- 

 reigns, so that, by dividing this by 12, we find the price of 

 standard gold per ounce to be 3 17s. lOJd., no charge being 

 made at the Mint for coining gold. 



Standard silver is Jj fine, and out of a pound Troy 66 shillings 

 are coined ; so that the Mint price of standard silver is 5s. 6d, 

 an ounce. The market price of silver bullion is less than this 

 generally about 5s. l|d. an ounce. The advantage which the 

 Mint thus gains is called scignorage. 



In the new bronze coinage 48 pence are coined out of a pound 

 avoirdupois. Tho bronze consists of 95 parts copper, 4 tin, and 

 1 zinc. 



Tho standard of our coinage is gold. By this is meant that 

 any amount of gold coin can be legally paid in liquidation of a 

 debt, the creditor being obliged to take it This is expressed 

 by saying that gold to an unlimited amount is the only leyal 

 tender. No one ia obliged to take more than 40s. worth of 

 silver, or more than 12d. worth of copper. 



Other coins besides the above were formerly in use. The 

 guinea (21s.), the half-guinea, the 7-hilling piece, the noble 

 (6s. 8d.), mark (13s. 4U), the pistole (16s. lOd), moidore (27s.). 



ANGULAR MEASURE. 



18. The circumference of a circle being divided into 360 equal 

 parts, straight lines drawn to the centre will divide tho four 



