396 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



right angles at the centre into 360 equal angles. Each of 

 these subdivisions, therefore, is equal to the 90th part of a right 

 angle. It is called a degree, and written thus 1. A degree 

 is divided into 60 minutes, one of which is written thus 1'; 

 each minute into 60 seconds, one of which is written 1" (vide 

 Art. 3, "Division of Time," page 366). The arcs of the circle 

 which subtend at the centre an angle of 1, 1', V respectively, 

 are also called a degree, a minute, and a second respectively. 

 To know their actual magnitude, we must know the size of the 

 circle (see Note on page 367. 



19. 



MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 

 12 units are called 1 dozen (doz.). 



12 dozens 



20 units 



21 sheets of paper 

 20 quires 



2 reams 

 5 bundles 



1 gross. 

 1 score. 

 1 quire. 

 1 ream. 

 1 bundle. 

 1 bale. 



A sheet folded in two 



leaves forms a folio. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. XIII. 



DERIVATIONS: PEEFIXES (continued). 



Proter, of Latin origin (prseter, against), is found in yrreter- 

 natural, contrary to nature. 



Pro, of Latin origin, fore, forward, as in produce (Latin, duco, 

 I lead), to bring forward. Pro appears in proceed (Latin, cedo, 

 I go), in procreate (Latin, creo, I beget), in proper (Latin, fero, 

 I bear), in prolepsis, an anticipation, etc. 



" We have evinced (proved) that the generality of mankind have 

 constantly had a certain prolepsis or anticipation in their minds 

 concerning the actual existence of a God." Cudworth, "Intellectual 

 System." 



Pro becomes in French pour, which again becomes pur, as in 

 purport (Latin, porto, I carry), signification. Purchase is given 

 by Richardson as from a fancied French word, namely, pour- 

 chasser ; and purchase, he says, means to chase, and so to obtain. 

 Such derivations are enough to bring etymology into disgrace. 

 Purchase is from a low Latin word, perchauchare (per-calcare), 

 which meant to tread over, and to mark out, the limits of a piece 

 f land, the necessary preliminary to the purchase of it. See 

 Ducange on the word, who gives the noun purchacia (purchase), 

 as something acquired. Purchacia is common in old legal docu- 

 ments, and is the origin of the obsolete French word pourchasser 

 (perchauchare), which has nothing whatever to do with chasser, 

 to chase or hunt. Pourchas, in old French, signifies labour, and 

 suggests the derivation which involves labour as the price paid 

 in the acquisition of land, etc. This idea of purchase, as founded 

 on labour, is in unison with the meaning of purchase. Whence 

 it signifies a point for a lever to act upon, or the power which 

 hence ensues, as in these words : 



" A politician, to do great things, looks for a power, which our 

 workmen call a purchase ; and if he finds that power in politics as in 

 mechanics, he cannot be at a loss to apply it." Burke. 



Proto, of Greek origin (irpuiros, pro'-tos, first), occurs in proto- 

 martyr (martyr, a witness), the first witness or martyr : applied 

 to Stephen, in Church history. 



" With Hainpden, firm assertor of her laws, 

 And protomartyr in the glorious cause." Boyse. 



Also in prototype. We have already had antitype and arc/ietype : 

 here we have prototype, which means the first or original form 

 or model. 



Pseudo, of Greek origin (i|/euSos, su'-dos, a falsehood), signifies 

 what is not genuine, false ; as, psewcZo-prophet, a false prophet. 



" Out of a more tenacious cling to worldly respects, he stands up 

 for all the rest to justify along usurpation and convicted pseudepiscopacy 

 (Greek, fiuo-Koiros, a 'bishop) of prelates." Milton. 



Pusill, of Latin origin, comes from pusillus (little) or pupillus 

 (E.E. pupil), the diminutive form of pusus or pupus, a boy (pupa, 

 a girl), which is the source of our word puppet, in the French 

 joupee, a baby, a doll. Pusill is found in union with animus, 



mind, forming pusiJJanimous, small in mind, applied particularly 

 to a want of spirit or courage. 



Putri, of Latin origin (putris, rotten, E.E. putrid), enters into 

 the composition of a class of words, namely, putreij (Latin, f acio, 

 I make), putrefaction, putrescent, putrescence, etc. 



" It is such light as putrefaction breeds 

 In fly-blown flesh, whereon the maggot feeds, 

 Shines in the dark, but ushered into day, 

 The stench remains, the lustre dies away." Cowper. 



Quadr, quadra, of Latin origin (quatuor, four), is found in 

 quadrangle, four-angled ; quadruped (Latin, pes, a foot), four- 

 footed; quadruple (Latin, plica, a fold), fourfold; also quater, 

 as in quaternion (quaternio, the number four), etc. 



" Aire and ye elements, the eldest birth 

 Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run, 

 Perpetual circle, multiform ; and mix 

 And nourish all things." Milton, "Paradise Lost." 



Tho four elements of the ancients were fire, air, earth, and water. 

 " I have chosen to write my poem (annus mirabiUs) in quatrains or 

 stanzas of four in alternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them 

 more noble and of greater dignity both for the sound and number than 

 any other verse in use amongst us." Dryden. 



Quinque (quint), Latin, five, occurs in gwin^wennial (Latin, 

 annus, a year), happening every five years ; in quintessence (Latin, 

 cssentia, essence) and in quintuple, fivefold. 



" Aristoteles of Stagira hath put down for principles these three, to 

 wit, a certain forme called entelechia, matter, [and] privation : for ele- 

 ments four; and for a fifth, quintessence, the heavenly body which is 

 immutable." Holland, " Plutarch." 



Be (red), of Latin origin, primarily signifies back, backward 

 (and has nothing to do with ere, nor does it mean before, as 

 Richardson states), as return, to turn back; hence opposition, as 

 resist, to stand against; also ?'epetition, as revive, to live again; 

 reform, to make again. 



Re, denoting back : 



" To desire there were no God, were plainly to unwish their own 

 being, which must needs be annihilated in the subtraction of that 

 essence which substantially supported them, and rst? - ains them from 

 regression into nothing." Browne, " Vulgar Errors." 



Re, denoting opposition : 



" To this sweet voyce a dainty musique fitted 



Its well- tuned strings, and to her notes consorted ; 

 And while with skilful voice the song she dittied, 

 The babbling echo had her words retorted." Spenser. 



Re, denoting repetition, as in rehearse, recapitulate, remove, 

 etc. : 



" The land of silence and of death 



Attends my next remove." Watts. 



Re sometimes merely strengthens the word, as in receive, recep- 

 tion (Latin, capio, I take), and recommend (Latin, mando, from 

 manus, a hand; and do, I give). 



Rect, of Latin origin (reciros, straight), appears in rectify (Latin, 

 facio, I make), to make straight; in rectangular (Latin, angulus, 

 a corner), right-angled; rectilinear (Latin, linea, a line), straight- 

 lined ; and rectitude, uprightness. 



Retro, Latin, backward, as in retrogradation (Latin, gradior, I 

 walk), going backtuard. It is found, also, in retroactive (Latin, 

 ago, I do, act), acting in a backward direction. 



" A bill of pains and penalties was introduced, a retroactive statute, 

 to punish the offences which did not exist at the time they were com- 

 mitted." Gibbon, " .Memoirs." 



Se, of Latin origin, the base of sine, without, denotes separa- 

 tion, apart from, ivithout; as, seclude (Latin, claudo, I shut), 

 to shutout; secede (Latin, I go, yield), to withdraw from ; seduce 

 (Latin, duco, I lead), to lead from duty. 



" From the fine gold I separate the allay, 

 And show how hasty writers sometimes stray." 



.Dryden, " Art, of Poetry." 



Sept, of Latin origin (septem, seven), appears in septennial 

 (annus), occurring every seven years; and in septontrion, the 

 seven stars, the Great Bear, Charles's Wain, the north. 



" Thou art as opposite to every good 

 As the antipodes are unto us, 

 Or as the South to the Septentrton." 



Shakespeare, "Hen. 71." (3rd pt.) 



