LESSONS IN DRAWING. 



EXAMPLE 3. Reduce 52 tons 3 cwt. 1 qr. 25 lt. to pound*. 



S3 tons 

 



1040 + 8 - 1043 cwt. 



4 



4173 + 1 - 4173 qrs. 



116844 + 25 116869 pounds. 



froof of CorrectnofS. 



28) 116869 ( 4173 qn. 

 112 



fl 



206 

 196 



25 pounds. 



4)4173 



20 ) 1043 . . . 1 qr. 



52 tons 3 cwt. 1 qr. 25 Ibs. 

 Hence the process has been correctly performed. 



EXERCISE 42. 



1. Work the following examples in Reduction, bringing each 

 quantity, whether simple or compound, to the denomination or 

 denominations required. 



1. 7 10s. 6<1. to pence. 



2. 71 13s. 6d. to farthings. 



3. 90 7s. 8d. to farthings. 



4. 295 18s. 3f d. to farthings. 



5. 95 guineas 17s. 9jfd. to farth- 

 inu-.s. 



6. 21651 farthings to pounds, 

 shillings, etc. 



7. 415739 farthings to pounds, 

 shillings, etc. 



_'ij farthings to guineas, etc. 



9. 36 4s. to sixpences and to 

 groats. 



10. 75 12s. 6d. to threepences. 



11. 2911)3. 7 oz. :!<lwts. to grains. 

 1-. 37 lbn. 6 oz. to pennyweights. 



13. 175 Ibs. 4 02. 5 dwts. 7 grs. 

 to grains. 



14. 12256 grs. to pennyweights, 

 ounces, etc. 



15. 42672 dwts. to ounces and 

 pounds. 



16. 15 cwt. 3qrs.21 Ibs.to pounds. 



17. 17 tons 12 cwt. 2 qrs. to 



OllIH-i-s. 



18. 52 tons 3 cwt. 1 qr. 25 Ibs. 

 to pounds. 



19. 140 tons 17 cwt. 3 qrs. 27 Ibs. 

 to drams. 



20. 16256 oz. to hundredweights, 

 etc. 



21. 267235 Ibs. to stones, quar- 

 ters, hundredweights, etc. 



22. 563728 drams to tons, 

 pounds, etc. 



23. 95 Ibs. (apothecaries' weight) 

 to drams. 



24. 130 Ibs. 7 oz. to scruples 

 and to grains. 



25. 6237 drams (apothecaries' 

 weight) to pounds, etc. 



26. 2&H53 scruples to ounces, 

 pounds, etc. 



27. 27 miles to yards, to feet, 

 and to inches. 



28. 45 leagues to feet and inches. 



29. 3,000 miles to perches and 

 to yards. 



30. 290375 feet to furlongs and 

 miles. 



31. 1875343 inches to miles, and 

 also to leagues. 



32. 15 m. 5 fur. 31 r. to rods 

 and to yards. 



33. 1081080 inches to yards, fur- 

 longs, and miles. 



3t. The earth's circumference 

 (25,000 miles) to feet. 



35. 160 yards to nails and quar- 

 ters. 



36. 1,000 English ells to quarters 

 and yards. 



37. 102315 nails to yards, etc. 



38. 223267 nails to French ells. 



39. 634 yds. 3 qrs. to nails and 

 to inches. 



40. 12256 pints to barrels of 30 

 gallons. 



41. 475262 quarterns to gallons. 



42. 50 tuns of 250 gallons each 

 to pints. 



43. 45 pipes of 120 gallons each 

 to pints. 



44. 25264 pints to barrels of 30 

 gallons each. 



45. 136256 quarts to hogsheads 

 of 63 gallons each. 



46. 45 hogsheads 10 gallons to 

 pints. 



47. 15 bushels 1 peck to quarts 



48. 763 bushels 3 pecks toquarta 



49. 56quarters5bu8hel8topint8. 



50. 45672 quarts to bushels, etc. 



51. 260200 pints to quarts, pecks, 

 etc. 



52. 25 days 6 hours to minutes, 

 and also to seconds. 



53. 365 days 6 hours to seconds. 



54. 847125 minutes to weeks, 

 etc., and to days, etc. 



55. 5623480 seconds to days, etc. 



56. A solar year to second*. 



.1 alum yearn to second*. 



58. Tho tiino from 9 o'clock 

 a.m. Jan. 2, to 11 p.m. March 1, 

 1868, to seconds. 



59. 110 day* 20 minute* to se- 

 conds. 



60. 271 degree* to seconds. 



61. 7654314 seconds to degree*, 

 etc. 



62. 1,000,000,000 minutes to right 

 angles, degrees, etc. 



63. 1724 sq. rods 23 sq. yds. 5 

 sq. ft. to square feet. 



', I'M) acres 37 sq. rods to 

 square feet and to square inches. 



65. 832590 sq. rods to square 

 inches. 



66. 25363896 sq. feet to acres, 

 etc. 



67. 150 cubic feet to cubic inches. 



68. 97 cubic yards 15 cubic feet 

 to cubic inches. 



69. 49 cubic yds. 23 cubic ft. to 

 cubic inches. 



70. 84673 cubic inches to cubic 

 feet. 



71. 39216 cubic feet to cubic 

 yards. 



72. 65 loads of rough timber to 

 cubic iucues. 



73. 4^2100 cubic inches to tons 

 of hewn timber. 



74. 700 Ibs. of silver to pounds, 

 etc., avoirdupois. 



75. 840 Ibs. 6 oz. 10 dwts. to 

 pounds, etc., avoirdupois. 



'6. 1000 Ibs. Troy to pounds, 

 etc., avoirdupois. 



77. 1500 Ibs. Troy to pounds, 

 etc., avoirdupois. 



78. 48 Ibs. avoirdupois to pounds, 

 etc., Troy. 



79. 100 Ibs. 10 oz. avoirdupois to 

 pounds, etc., Troy. 



80. 5656 carats to pounds, etc., 

 avoirdupois. 



81. How many sq. yds. in a room 

 4 yards long and 3 wide ? 



82. How many sq. ft. iu a floor 

 20 feet long by 18 feet wide ? 



83. How many acres in a field 

 50 rod* Ion* by 45 w,l ? 



: .w uutny sq. yds. in a eett 

 Ing 35 feet long by ft wide ? 



85. How many acres in a field 

 420 rods loaf and 170 wide? 



86. rind the area of a field 80 

 rods square. 



87. How many yards of carpet- 

 iug, yard wide, will cover a room 

 18 feet square if 



88. How many yards of painting 

 will cover the four walls of a room 

 18 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 9 

 feet high ? 



80. Find tho area of a pitched 

 roof whose rafters are 20 feet and 

 ridge-pole 25 feet long. 



90. How many cubic feet in * 

 box 5 feet long, 4 wide, and SdeepP 



91. How many cubic inches in * 

 block 65 inches long, 42 wide, and 

 36 thick? 



92. In 10752 cubic feet how 

 many imperial bushels ? 



93. In 1155 cubic feet 33 inches 

 how many imperial gallons ? 



94. How many bushels in a bin 

 5 feet long, 5 wide, and 4 deep ? 



95. How many cubic feet in a 

 100 bushel bin ? 



96. How many yards of carpet- 

 ing } yard wide will cover a room 

 25 feet long aud 18 feet wide ? 



97. How many cubic inches in a 

 mass of earth 40 yards long, i 

 yards wide, and 3 yards deep ? 



98. Iteduce 93750 cubic yards to 

 inches. 



99. How many pieces of paper 

 12 yards long, aud 2 feet 3 inches 

 wide, will it take to cover a room 

 20 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 13 

 feet high, allowing for 3 doorways, 

 each measuring 8 feet by 3 feet 

 inches r 



100. The moon is about 240,000 

 miles from the earth: if it were 

 possible to go there in a balloon, 

 how many days would it take to 

 accomplish the journey, moving at 

 the rate of 1-h miles per hour P 



LESSONS IN DRAWING. XIV. 



WINTER, as wo have said before, is the best time for studying 

 tho ramifications of trees ; close observation at that period of 

 the year is very necessary, and much profitable information may 

 bo gained. A country walk, if only to tho extent of a mile, will 

 afford abundant material for observation ; the mind may then be 

 exercised in comparing one tree with another, for by comparison 

 only will their characteristic differences be made apparent, and 

 facts will be revealed which the mind can store up for future use. 

 To employ the pencil only in noting down the forms and growth 

 of trees would bo of little service, unless the mind is doing more 

 than tho pencil can perform. There are innumerable peculiarities 

 and points of difference which distinguish trees, and enable us to 

 recognise them independently of their foliage, and close observa- 

 tion will make that easy which at first sight might seem to be 

 difficult ; for although we advise the pupil to make good use of 

 his pencil whenever ho is engaged in studying trees divested of 

 their leaves, yet we must at tho same time remind him that it 

 will be more to his advantage to reflect without drawing than to 

 draw without reflecting. 



From tho observations we have made, it will be understood 

 that we fully intend tho pupil should take Nature for his guide, 

 yet we can assist him in this part of his study by introducing 

 some examples, which he must copy aa well as compare. Copying 

 will not only bo a practical benefit, but also a means for esta- 

 blishing in his own mind the facts and principles wo have endea- 

 voured to make clear to him. Let him compare the outline of 

 tho oak (Fig. 98) in the last lesson with tho lime (Fig. 100). Hip 

 attention must also be given to the bark, which in some ' 



