LESSONS IN DEAWINu. 



upon the close examination of the anatomy of trees ; how their 

 branches upring from the trunks ; the forms of their leaves, and 

 the manner in which they grow or cluster in masses from the 

 items." When such labour and painstaking as this is the rule, 

 we need not wonder at a Huooessful result. 



Having said thus much upon the theoretical part of our 

 subject, we will now turn to the practical. We advise our 

 pupils to make a drawing of Fig. 101, leavet of the lime tree, 

 with un H B pencil. He must /trot make the arrangement of the 

 whole of the stems, and then proceed with the leaves, beginning 

 where the two stems join, arranging every leaf in succession, 

 without passing over any, to the end, thon/atnt the arrangement, 

 and draw carefully every particular : it will bo much better at 

 first to make an enlarged drawing, say double the size ; do the 

 same also with Fig. 102. Fig. 103, the cluster of leaves, will 

 require more time and attention, which must be especially 

 bestowed on 

 the lights 

 and sha- 

 dows. The 

 pupil will ob- 



Fig. 102. 



servo five or 

 six loaves 

 upon the 

 dark mass in 

 the centre of 

 the branch ; 

 and here we 

 will particu- 

 larly advise 

 him not to 

 begin the sha- 

 ding until the 

 outline is 

 completed, 

 adding, that 

 this should 

 be a rule under all cir- 

 cumstances ; therefore 

 after the outline has been 

 carefully made, ho must 

 tone <!ou*n, that is, draw 

 even and close lines over 

 the part in shade up to 

 the outline of the leaves, 

 and further, to make the 

 tint even, ho may cross 

 the lines with others simi- 

 lar to the flat tint (Fig. 

 82, Lesson XII.). He 

 must be careful to go 

 nearly up to the edges of 

 the leaves, as they will 

 come out very forcibly 

 against the dark ground; 

 an H B pencil will make 

 this tint sufficiently dark, 

 as all blackness must be' 



avoided. Here again we must introduce another caution respect- 

 ing the treatment of shadows amongst foliage namely, never 

 mako the interior shadows too dark ; a moderate, clear, and yet 

 decisive tone will be enough, because there must be in all cases, 

 but especially with regard to trees, sufficient opportunities left 

 for marking in more forcibly any form which may be remarked 

 in the shadows, observing that the making out details in 

 shadows cannot be carried to the extent of making out details 

 in the lights. Trees, as we have previously said, are not flat 

 like walls, but their branches and leaves project and recede 

 indefinitely, and consequently those leaves which come out nearer 

 to the light will require a different tone to those which are in 

 shadow ; the pupil's own observation must be his guide in this 

 matter as to which leaves must receive the minor tones and the 

 depth of tint to be laid upon them. In Fig. 103 the light falls 

 upon the right side, where less shading is required, but the whole 

 of the leaves to the left, away from the light, must be toned 

 down, though not to the extent of the deep shadow in the middle 

 and interior of the branch. Fig. 1 00 we recommend should be 

 copied double the size, and according to our old principle of 



Fig. 103. 



marking in. We were once asked by a pupil, " When shall I 

 leave off marking in P" We replied, never i it is not deurable 

 that you should ever leave off the practice, because all who do 

 mark in find that they make program in drawing, and that it 

 saves time, and produces a more satufactory result. A young 

 mechanic whom wo know, who had very much improved his 

 power of drawing from attending a night class at a Mechanics' 

 Institute, offered himself as a candidate for a situation as 

 draughtsman at a manufactory where drawing was nssnntkl 

 Having obtained it, one of his employers, after a few days, whan 

 he had become familiar with his work, brought him three or 

 four subjects to draw for working purposes, telling him at the 

 same time that they would, no doubt, occupy him four days at 

 least : at the same hour on the following day he returned the 

 whole finished. His master was agreeably surprised, and also 

 much pleased with the excellence of the work, and asked him 



how he had 

 done it so 



Fi -'- 10L well and so 



quickly. He 

 replied: "I 

 am very par- 

 ticular in ar- 

 ranging my 

 drawing 

 first, and 

 always make 

 mark* to in- 

 dicate the 

 course of the 

 outline ; the 

 consequence 

 is I have 

 very little 

 rubbing out 

 and altera- 

 tion,andthat 

 l.as enabled me to finish 

 the drawing so quickly." 

 Therefore, in copying 

 Fig. 100, note every 

 angle, and the distances 

 between each angle, and 

 do the same respecting 

 the positions of the 

 branches as they grow 

 from the trunk, the direc- 

 tion and inclination of 

 the branches, and their 

 extent, and yon cannot 

 fail to make a satisfac- 

 tory drawing. 



The illustrations that 

 accompany the present 

 lesson are representa- 

 tions of the stem, bran- 

 ches, blossom, and leaves 

 of the Tilia Europaa, 



the European or common lime tree, which is the most valuable ot 

 the different varieties of this useful tree. It grows moat exten- 

 sively in the middle and northern parts of Europe, and is very 

 common in England. Its largo size, handsome appearance, and 

 profusion of sweet flowers, make it a very general favourite 

 throughout this country and most parts of the Continent, where 

 it is extensively planted in parks and other places of public 

 recreation. Its wood is well adapted for carving, being white 

 close-grained, and smooth. The carvings at Windsor Castle, 

 those of Trinity College, Cambridge, and those at Chatsworth. 

 are of limewood, as, indeed, are most of the other fine specimens 

 of this branch of art in England. The fibres of the bark, which 

 is tough, form the material of an extensive manufacture of 

 cordage and matting in Russia and Sweden. Many specimens 

 of this tree exist which are remarkable for their great age and 

 size. At Nenstadt, in Wiirtemberg, there is a prodigious lime 

 tree, which adds its name to that of the town, this being called 

 Neustadt an der Linden (Neustadt at the lime tree). The age 

 of this enormous tree is said, probably with some exaggeration, 

 to be one thousand yean. 



