LESSONS IX DRAWING. 



Ary, from Latin adjective termination ariui, aa found in 

 auxili" : btin, iiuxiliiim, i</), < m .ciliary, tributary. This 



< to our tiTiiiiiuuii'ii in ariouH, aa in gregarioui 

 . gr\-\. 'i jli"-L i, <!" hni'i /!>;,-. /Ac/-. 



u words ending in ariii*. we have statuary (ars uta- 

 . lupiil'i/-;/ (l.iitin. lupi.*, <> *tii' ), a (precious) stone-cutter; 



;u:o for keeping birds (Latin, avis, a bin/). 

 , as in poetaster, which coined immediately from the 

 Fn-iu'li inn taatre, a bad poet, is found in the Italian astro, a tor- 

 munition lc!m:in^ <-ont--tni>t. The aster in disaster, a calamity, 

 has nothing to do with the suffix. Disaster seems to be from 

 dis and thi Latin astrum, a star, and so signifies an ill-starred 

 oondrl 



ix a verbal (derived from a verb) termination, the origin 

 of which is found in the Latin passive participle, as congregutus; 

 hence tho verb to congregate. 



" The infuriate bill shoots forth the pillared flame." 



Thornton, " Summer." 



ted,, or ed, are the terminations of the passive participle 

 in English, equivalent to the same Latin participle ending in 

 tus ; thus the Latin communicate is in English communicated. 

 In the same way wo have adapted, devolved, affixed, imputed, 

 etc. Participles in ed become adjectives by suppressing the d, 

 aa desolated becomes desolate. 



Ce is an English representative of the Latin termination in 

 tia, as gratia, favour, grace. Cy is sometimes used instead of 

 ce : for example, dementia, clemency ; that is, mercy. 



In the older forms of the language words ending in cy were 

 spelt cic. These nouns denote the abstract quality ; thus prudens 

 means prudent, as a prudent man ; but prudontia means prudence, 

 in the abstract; that is, the quality is considered apart from 

 any subject. 



" But even that mightye loue (love) of his great clemencfo, 

 Hath given me grace at last to judge the truth from herei." 



Gascoigne. 



Ch, a Saxon termination found in church, ditc/i, which, etc., 

 and of old pronounced as a guttural, or at least like k, as in the 

 Scotch whilk, or quhilk, and the German ch or ich, as ich (icfc), I; 

 doch, yet; thus we have the Latin sic, and the English such; 

 the Scotch micfcle, and the English much; the Scotch kirk, Ger- 

 man kirche, and the English church. Ditch or di&e is a thing 

 that men produce by digging. The words run thus, dig, dike, 

 ditch. Another form of dike and ditch is diyue. 



"The people ran into so great despair that in Zeland they gave over 

 working at their diijuex, Buffering the sea to gain every tide upon 

 the country." Sir W. Temple. 



Cle or te, a diminutive, formed after the manner of the Latin 

 diminutive termination culus, masculine, and cula, feminine : for 

 example, homunculus, a little man ; a manikim, ; regulus (Latin, 

 rex, a king), a little king ; matercuia, a little mother. The ending 

 cle appears in particJe, a little part; pellicfe (Latin, pellis, skin), 

 a littU: skin; in muscle (mnsculus a little mouse), so called in 

 reference to its appearance under the skin. 



Dora, a suffix, found as a noun in the Latin and the Saxon, as 

 well as tho English ; as in domus, a house ; dominus, master ; 

 halidom, holiness ; kingdom, the jurisdiction of a king. Dom is 

 found also in tho German thum; as reichthum, riches. Dom 

 denotes power, authority, office. It is tho same word that we 

 have in doom ; as doom's-day, the day of judgment. It occurs 

 in the Saxon dom-boc, doom-ooofc. 



" For neither tho Fadir jugith ony man, but hath gouun (given) echo 

 dome to tho soue." Wicli/'i " Tettament," John v. 22. 



"And looke, when I am king, clay me thou of me the earldom* of 

 Hereford." Shakespeare, " Richard III." 



Ee, a termination of Gallic origin, found in refugee, debauchee, 

 originated in an effort to represent in English the vocal force of 

 the French accented e; as, debauch^, refugit. The French 

 word is the passive participle. Hence, frequently the words 

 ending in ee have a passive sense : a trustee is one who is trusted 

 by a trustor or trustor ; that is, one who trusts. It is the same 

 with feoffer and feoffee. 



" And though his majesty came to them by descent, yet it was but 

 in nature of the heire of a feoffe in trust, for the use and service of the 

 kingdom." Pn/mio. 



EZt le, a suffix, denoting an instrument; as, shove?, from to 



thove; stopple, from to ttop; need/*, from the Dutch naad, a team ; 

 in Anglo-Saxon, ncedel ; German, nadel, doubtless allied to the 

 Anglo-Saxon nayel, the German nayel, and the Eugluh nail. 

 Damsel, a young woman, is an abridged form of the French demoi- 

 selle, which of old denoted a daughter of noble parents : the tran- 

 sition of demoiselle into damsel may be seen in the rendering of 

 the word by English versions of different agea ; as WiclifT (1380), 

 a damysel; Tyndale (1534), a damiell; Cranmer (1539), a 

 damsM; the Authorised (1611), a damnsdl. The Greek word, 

 which properly denotes a female servant, is translated by the 

 Geneva version (1557), a mayde (maid); and by the ***"*" 

 version (1582), one vvenche (wench). (Matt. xxvi. 69.) 



En, a suffix, by which nouns are converted into adjectives, 

 and adjectives into verbs ; as brass, brazen ; white, to whiten. 

 In the same way, we have long, length, lengthen; dark, darken ; 

 soft, soften ; leather, leathern ; south, southern, and southron. 

 En forms also one ending of passive participles ; aa weave, wore, 

 woven ; shear, shorn. It is found in some nouns aa their plural 

 termination ; as ox, oxen. Of old, en and n formed the plural 

 of tho present tense of verbs, representing the Anglo-Saxon don, 

 I quote the words of Ben Jonson : 



"The persons plurall keepe the termination of the first pervon 

 singular. In former times, till about the reigne of King Henry th* 

 Eighth, they were wont to be formed by adding en, thus.- Lor**, 

 sagcn, oomplainen." " Gromnuir." 



Ence, a suffix, formed from the active participle in Latin ending 

 in ens; as poenitens, poenitentia, penitence; exiaten*, existentia, 

 existence. 



End, a Saxon termination which denotes an agent ; aa weg- 

 ferend, a wayfarer; friend, in Saxon freond; German, freund ; 

 probably connected with the verb to free ; that is, to make free ; 

 and to free may have its source in the more general import of 

 the term namely, to love, to woo ; BO that a friend is one who 

 loves, and therefore frees another. Friend and friendly, in the 

 older forms of the language, signified lover and loving. 



" The true faith, whereever it is, worketh and frameth the heart to 

 friendlike dispositions unto Ood, and brings forth /rutuUi&e* carriage 

 in the life towards God." GooUu-in. 



Ent (sometimes ant, aa in "church militant"), an adjective 

 termination, the origin of which is found in both the Saxon and 

 the Latin ; as, writend, writing ; absent (absentia), absent. Ad- 

 jectives ending in ent denote a present condition e.g., different ; 

 or a quality considered concretely ; that is, in relation to some 

 subject. 



" Lord God, how frequent* and famyliar a thynge with enery (every) 

 estate and degree throughout Christendom, U this reverent othe (oath) 

 on the Gospills of Christ." Sir T. Jvlyot. 



Er (in the forms er, r, re). By comparing the Anglo-Saxon 

 writere, tho Latin scriptor (scribo, I write), and the English 

 writer, we find that tho termination er, or, denotes an agent. 

 So in Saxon stodere, a sower; plegere, a player; and in Tatin, 

 amator, a lover ; doctor, a teacher. The endings ere in Saxon, or 

 in Latin, and er in English, are very common. Yon muet, how- 

 ever, in following analogy, use words so formed with judgment 

 and taste. Having an active signification, they are generally 

 formed from verbs, thus : to mend, a mender ; to think, a thinker; 

 to build, a builder. But it is not from every verb that such 

 nouns can be properly formed. Wo can say, to better, but no* 

 a betterer ; yet a bettering has some authority. Proper names 

 arise from those nouns e.g., Mr. Barker, Mr. Tyler, Mr. Hellic-r. 

 Mr. Fisher. 



The suffix er also forma the comparative in adjectives ; aa, 

 green, greener. It is, too, found in some verbs of Gallic origin ; 

 aa in encounter (enoontre, a meeting) ; cover (couvrir, to cover). 



LESSONS IN DRAWING. XV. 



WE now propose to direct the attention of our pupils to the 

 principles of b'ght and shade in trees, or what is artistically 

 termed "massing in the foliage," and introduce some illus- 

 trations. Figs. 104 and 105 represent the same subject. The 

 arrangement and outline of the trunk, branches, and foliage 

 must be first made, aa in Fig. 104, and we beg the pupil 

 especially to remember that this must be his mode of pro- 



Frtondlii*. abbreviated into friendly ; In German It ic freundltck 

 Compare what is said before on the termination *. 



