high. The face of the great bust is five feet long, and the breadth 

 across the shoulders twenty feet. At the west end of this pagoda, 

 or temple, *s a dark recess twenty feet square, without ornament ; 

 the altar is in the centre, and there are two gigantic statues at 

 each of the four doors by which it is entered. On entering 

 Elephanta, there is a piazza extending sixty feet from east to 

 west, and having a breadth of sixteen feet ; indeed, the body of 

 the cavern is surrounded on every side by similar piazzas. The 

 caves of Kenneri, on the larger island of Salsette, in the same 

 vicinity, and those of Carli, on the opposite shore of the conti- 

 nent, are equally remarkable. The mountain of Kenneri appears 

 to have had a city hewn out of its rocky sides, capable of con- 

 taining many thousand inhabitants. The front is hewn into 

 four floors or galleries, in which there are 300 apartments ; 

 these have generally an interior recess or sanctuary, and a 

 Bmall tank for ablution. The grand pagoda is forty feet high 

 to the soffit of the arch or dome ; it is eighty-four feet long, 

 and forty-six broad. The columns of the portico are finely 

 decorated with bases and capitals ; and at the entrance are two 

 colossal statues, each twenty-seven feet high. Thirty-five pillars 

 of an octagonal form, about five feet in diameter, support the 

 arched roof of the temple j their bases and capitals are com- 

 posed of elephants, horses, and tigers, carved with great exact- 

 ness. Round the walls are placed two rows of cavities for 

 receiving lamps. At the farther end is an altar of a convex 

 shape, twenty-seven feet high, and twenty feet in diameter ; 

 round this are also cavities for lamps ; and directly over it is a 

 large concave dome cut out of the rock. It is said that about 

 this grand pagoda there are ninety figures or idols, and not less 

 than 600 of these figures within the precincts of the excavations. 

 The cave-temple at Carli is on a greater scale than that which 

 we now describe. The temples of Ellora, near Dowlatabad, 

 are reckoned the most surprising and extensive monuments of 

 ancient Hindoo architecture. They consist of an entire hill 

 excavated into a range of highly-sculptured and ornamented 

 temples. The number and magnificence of these subterranean 

 edifices, the extent and the loftiness of some, the endless diver- 

 sity of the sculpture of others, the variety of curious foliage of 

 minute tracery, the highly-wrought pillars, rich mythological 

 designs, sacred shrines and colossal statues, all both astonish 

 and distract the mind of the beholder. It appears truly wonder- 

 ful that such prodigious efforts of labour and skill should 

 remain, from times certainly not barbarous, without a trace to 

 tell us the hand by which they were designed, or the populous 

 and powerful nation by which they were produced. The courts 

 of Indra, of Juggernaut, of Parasu Rama, and the Doomar 

 Leyna or nuptial palace, are the names given to several of 

 these great excavations. The greatest admiration has been 

 exoited by the one called Keylas, or Paradise, consisting of a 

 conical edifice, separated from the rest, and hewn out of the 

 solid rock, 100 feet high, and upwards of 300 feet in circum- 

 ference, entirely covered with mythological sculptures. 



Besides the excavated temples of India, there are several 

 others of different forms which may here be noticed. First, those 

 composed of square or oblong enclosures ; secondly, temples in 

 the form of a cross ; and thirdly, temples of a circular form. 



Of temples of the first kind, the largest one remaining is that 

 of Seringham, near Trichinopoly. The outward wall is said 

 to be nearly four miles in circumference. The whole edifice 

 consists of seven square enclosures, the walls being 350 feet 

 distant from each other. In the innermost square are the 

 chapels. In the middle of each side of each enclosure wall 

 there is a gateway under a lofty tower ; that in the outward 

 wall, which faces the south, is ornamented with pillars of 

 precious stones, thirty-three feet long, and five feet in diameter. 



Of temples of the second kind namely, those in the form of 

 a cross the most remarkable is the great temple in the city of 

 Benares, on the banks of the Ganges, which has been devoted 

 to the religion and science of the Hindoos from the earliest 

 periods of their history. The form of the temple is that of a 

 great cross with a cupola in the centre, which towards the top 

 becomes pyramidal. At the extremity of each branch of the 

 cross, all of which are of equal length, there is a tower with 

 balconies, to which the access is from the outside. 



Of temples of circular form, the temple of Juggernaut is 

 considered the most ancient in India ; the Brahmins attribute 

 its foundation to the first king on the coast of Orissa, who 

 lived, according to their chronology, 4,800 years ago. The 



image of Juggernaut, or Mahadeo, stands in the centre of the 

 building, upon an elevated altar. The idol is described as 

 being an irregular pyramidal black stone, and the temple lit up 

 only with lamps. 



In the ancient Hindoo writings, another kind of temple is 

 described, of which now no vestige is to be found. The Ayeen 

 Akberry relates that near to Juggernaut is the temple of the 

 sun, in the erection of which the whole revenue of the province 

 of Orissa, for twelve years, was entirely expended; that the 

 wall which surrounded the whole was 150 cubits high, and 

 nineteen cubits thick ; that there were three entrances : at the 

 eastern gate were two elephants, each with a man on its trunk ; 

 on the west, two figures of horsemen completely armed; and 

 over the northern gate, two tigers sitting over two dead ele- 

 phants. In front of the gate was a pillar of black stone, of 

 an octagonal form, fifty cubits high ; and after ascending nine 

 flights of steps, the visitor arrived at an extensive enclosure 

 with a large cupola constructed of stone, and decorated with 

 scuplture. Such are the ancient monuments of which India can 

 boast, long before architecture had reached that proud emi- 

 nence which it attained in ancient Greece. In our next lesson 

 we shall glance at the great buildings of Persia. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. III. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON THE NOUN, THE ADJECTIVE, AND 

 THE PREPOSITIONS. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 



NOUNS or Substantives are names of objects or things which 

 exist in space or in the mind. There are, in Greek, three 

 genders ; the masculine, to denote the male sex ; the feminine, 

 to denote the female sex ; and the neuter (Latin neuter, neither), 

 to denote objects which are neither male nor female. The 

 genders are distinguished partly by the sense and partly by 

 the 1 terminations of the nouns. There are terminations, for 

 instance, which denote the feminine gender, as 77 ; there are 

 other terminations which denote the masculine gender, as as in 

 the first declension ; and, again, there are others which denote 

 the neuter gender, as ov. This is a peculiarity to which we 

 have nothing similar in English adjectives. Those who have 

 studied Latin are already familiar with it. In regard to gender 

 as denoted by the meaning, let the ensuing rules be committed 

 to memory. 



1. Of the masculine gender are the names of male beings, of 

 winds, of months, and of most rivers, as : HKa.T<av, Plato ; 

 Zftpvpos, the west wind; ~E.na.Toii.fia.Kav, the month Hecatombaeon ; 

 Evpcaras, the river Eurotas. 



2. Of the feminine gender are the names of female beings, of 

 trees, of lands, of islands, and of most cities, as : Koprj, a girl ; 

 Spvs, an oak ; ApicaSia, Arcadia ; Aecrfios, Lesbos ; K.o\o<p<av, 

 Colophon. 



3. Of the neuter gender are the names of fruits, the diminu- 

 tive in ov (except the female proper name TI Afovriov), the names 

 of the letters of the alphabet, the infinitives, all words not de- 

 clinable in the singular and the plural, and every word used 

 merely as the sign of a sound. 



4. Of the common gender are personal nouns which, like out 

 child, may be applied to male or female ; thus, Qeos may be 

 sometimes used of a male or female divinity, and so be rendered 

 either god or goddess. 



This " common gender " is a grammatical phrase used to 

 denote such nouns as are common to both males and females ; 

 that is, are sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine. 



In Greek grammar it is usual to employ the definite article, in 

 order to indicate the gender. The definite article, nominative 

 singular, is 6, ij, TO, the; o is masculine, y feminine, and TO 

 neuter; 6, therefore, put before a noun, intimates that the 

 noun is of the masculine gender; f), that the noun is of the 

 feminine gender ; and TO, that it is of the neuter gender. 

 If both 6 and i are put before a noun, it is done to show that 

 the noun is of the common gender: thus, 6 avyp, the man; 

 T] ywri, the woman; TO epyov, the ivorlt ; o, ri, Oeos, the (male or 

 female) divinity ; 6, ^, irais, the child, whether boy or girl. 



NUMBER. 



Number is a distinction of nouns founded on the circum- 

 stance whether they denote one or more. If a noun denotes 



