LESSONS IN GREEK. 





one object, it in in the mnpular number ; if a noun denotes 



'ijoot-: thim ono, it IH in thu jilurol number. The Greek 



hit* u third number, called the dual (Latin iluo, two), 



whi:li denotes two objects ; thuH, \oyot in a word (singular) ; 



X<ryoi, words (plural); \oyu, In;, looral (dual); where or is the 



riintrulur termination, ot the plural termination, and ta the dual 



ition. 



CASK. 



Thcso terminations, os, ot, u, undergo changes according to 

 the relation in which they stand to a verb, to another noun, or 

 to a proposition. Tims os may become ov, and ot may become 

 Vny word which is changed in form, to express a corre- 

 sponding change in sense, is said to bo inflected. Such inflexions 

 or variations in the endings of nouns are termed coses. There 

 are in Greek five cases, namely 



1. The Nomiinilii-i; the case of the subject; as, 6 irarrip 

 ypaipti, the father writes. 



_'. '/'/ (I<'ni1hv, the cose indicative of origin, whence; as, 6 rov 

 warpos iitos, \he father's son. 



3. The Dative, the case indicative of place, where, and of the 

 manner, and instrument; as, re? rov irarpos vie?, to the father's 

 ton. 



4. The Accusative, the case of the object, or whither ; as, 6 

 warrjp rov vtov ayaira, the father loves the son. 



5. The Vocative, the case of invocation, or direct address ; as, 

 ayaira., trartp, rov viov, father, love thy son. 



In Greek there is no ablative case ; the functions of the abla- 

 tive case are discharged, partly by the dative, and partly by the 

 genitive. The nominative and the vocative are called recti, 

 the other cases are called obliqui, indirect. 



Substantives and adjectives of the neuter gender have the 

 nominative, the accusative, and the vocative alike, in the singu- 

 lar, the plural, and the dual. 



The dual has only two case-endings ; one for the nominative, 

 accusative, and vocative, the other for the genitive and dative. 



DECLENSION. 



Declension is the classification of nouns and adjectives agree- 

 ably to the variations of their case-endings. There are, in 

 Greek, three declensions ; called severally, the first, the second, 

 and the third declension. The learner will do well in regard to 

 every noun and adjective, to ask himself, What is its nomina- 

 tive ? What is its case ? What is its number ? What is its 

 gender ? What is its declension ? For instance, rpa-rrffais is 

 from the nominative rpairefa, a table, is in the plural number, 

 dative case, feminine gender, and of the first declension. In 

 order to practise and examine himself fully, he should also form 

 or "go through" every noun, adjective, tense, mood, and indeed 

 every word capable of declension or conjugation, according to 

 the several models or paradigms given in the successive lessons. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 



An adjective denotes a quality. This quality may be con- 

 sidered as being connected with, or as being in an object, as "the 

 red rose;' 1 or as ascribed to an object, ai "the rose is red. 1 ' In 

 both casea the adjective in Greek, as in Latin, is made to agree 

 in form, as well as in sense, with its noun. A change takes 

 place in the adjective, conformably to the change in the signifi- 

 cation , thus, a good man is ayaBos ainjp, but a good woman is 

 ayaOri yvvri. Observe the os of the masculine is for the feminine 

 changed into rj. Not only in gender, but in number and in case 

 does the adjective in Greek, as in Latin, conform to its noun : 

 e.g., 6 ayaOos avOpwiros, Latin, bonus homo, the good man; 6 

 avOpca-rros tvnv aya6ot, homo bonus est, the man is good; TJ KaAij 

 Movffa, pnlchra Musa, the beautiful Muse ; 77 Moutro tffrt na\rj, 

 Musa pulchra est, the Muse is beautiful; ro KO\OI> fop, pul- 



vor, the beautiful spring ; ro tap fffn KO\OV, verjif 

 est. the spring is beautiful. 



The adjective, then, like the substantive, has a threefold 

 gender the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. But many 

 adjec'ives, such as compound and derivative, have only two ter- 

 minations ; one for the masculine and feminine, and another for 

 the neuter ; e.g. : 



Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 



i> fiffi'xos avrip, rj r^o^X * 71/1/17, ro rt<r\>xov rtKvov, 



the quiet man. the quiei woman. the quiet child. 



Here yo~vxos remains the same with avrip, man, and yvvr,, 



woman, being changed into riavxov before the neuter Tyw, 

 An adjective of three terminations may be wen in thu 

 example : 



Masculine. /'.,,.(>.,,. Neuter. 



6 ayaOot avrip, ff ayaBrj yvmt, ro ayadav T<O, 



the good man. the good woman. the good child. 



Some adjectives have only one termination, as paxpax'ft long- 

 handed', airarwp, without a, father. In deck-union, adjective*, 

 with a few exceptions, follow the forms of the cubatantiTcs. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



Propositions are words which go before nouns, and show the 

 relation which the nouns bear to the affirmation or negation 

 mode in the sentence, or the member of the sentence in whioh 

 they stand. Of prepositions I shall treat in full hereafter. At 

 present some knowledge of them must be communicated, in 

 order to prepare the beginner for the following instruction?. In 

 the words 



iropfvofj.at irpos rov irartpa, 

 I go TO the father, 



the word irpos, to, is a preposition. 



In Greek, prepositions govern either one case, two cases, or 

 three cases, and may accordingly bo classified thus .- 



PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING 



One Case. Two Cases. 



Genitive. 



Three Cases. 



A glance at this table will show that the case which in any 

 example a preposition ia connected with, has much to do in 

 modifying its signification. Only by constant practice can the 

 exact meaning and application of the several prepositions be 

 known. The Latin student will, in this list, recognise words 

 with which he is familiar; thus tn is the Latin ex; tv is the 

 Latin in; irpo is the Latin pro; oiro is the Latin ab; inttp is the 

 Latin super ; and into is the Latin sub. 



Before I treat of the declension of nouns, I must give the 

 definite article, as it is so intimately connected with nouns that 

 the hitter cannot well be set forth without the former ; and at 

 the article is often used as indicative of the gender of the noon. 



THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, O, f), ro, the. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Aoc. 



Mas. 

 6 

 rov 



01 



rwv 



T01J 



ran* 



Singular. 

 Fern. AVuf. 



TIJJ 



rr> 



ro 

 TOW 



flural. 



at 



rwr 

 rait 

 rea 



ra 

 raif 



TOII 



English, 

 the. 

 of the. 

 to or by the 

 the. 



the. 



of the. 



to or by the. 



the. 



