I.!. -SONS IN DRAWING. 



73 





would be a great mistake not to be especially careful in 



forms and outlines. These lines must not be strong, but firm 



. and the more simple the better; all darker lines 



.) rcBcrved for the foreground. The method of securing 



the lighta upon trees, which we have shown in Kit,'. I"'-', will 



, \p!..iii to tho pupil the manner of proceeding more clearly than 



words can do. In his practice wo recommend him first to copy 



parts of the example, and make eeparate and repeated studies 



of those portions which, as ho proceeds, he will find to be most 



with it cover down the whole of the part intended to be white ; 

 when dry, proceed to the completion of the drawing. It will not 

 in the least matter if toe lead pencil should DAM orer the part 

 gummed, it will not have any effect upon it. When the drawing 

 is finished, pin it down at the corners on a board, let it be held 

 in an inclined position, and poor some hot water over it ; the gum 

 immediately dissolves, leaving the parts which were covered by 

 it perfectly white. Broad paces in light, upon which are to be 

 drawn minute and sharply-cut details, may be preserved in tlua 



Fig. 109. 



difficult. He will be better able to decide for himself than we 

 can for him as to which of those ports may require more frequent 

 repetition; and it is almost needless to say, that by frequent 

 repetition only can he hope to succeed. There is a very easy 

 and legitimate way of preserving in pencil drawings tho sharp 

 touches of light which are seen upon polished surfaces, streaks 

 in water, blades of grass, the bright parts of clouds, small objects 

 of a naturally light colour on a dark background, or any effect 

 where brilliancy is requisite, and where a sharp, clear, and 

 distinct outline of the form must be preserved. It is this : 

 After tho outline of the object, or part to be preserved, has been 

 made, dip a fine hair-pencil into tolerably strong gum- water, and 



way, and, after the gum is washed off, the details may be made 

 out upon them. This leads to the use of gum-water in another 

 way, and that is, as a means of fixing the drawing. If a drawing 

 is worth anything, it surely is worth setting, that is, fixing the 

 lead or chalk with which it is drawn, so that, under moderate 

 treatment, it cannot injure by rubbing. For highly-finishM 

 drawings, or where the chalk or pencil has been very liberally 

 applied, it will be better to proceed in this way : Nearly fill a 

 shallow dish or tray, somewhat larger than the drawing, with a 

 weak solution of gum-water, or which may sometimes be moro 

 convenient a mixture of milk and water, half of each ; pass 

 the drawing carefully through the mixture (face uppermost) 



