98 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR 



LESSONS IN GREEK. IV. 



CASE-ENDINGS OF THE DECLENSIONS. 



L HAVE already said that there are, in Greek, three declensions; 

 the essential forms of two of these three declensions are con- 

 tained in the article, which was brought under your notice in 

 the last lesson (page 66), thus : 



CASE-ENDINGS OF FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 



Singular. 

 First, Second. Second. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



English 

 FEM. MAS. NEUT. Equivalent. 



7] OS OV 



TJS OV OU 



r> v v 



7]V OV OV 



of. 

 to, by. 



ats 

 as 



Nom. Ace. a 

 Gen. Dat. aiv 



Plural. 

 01 



ots 

 ovs 



Dual. 

 ta 

 oiv 



<ov 

 ois 



of. 

 to, by. 



oiv of, to, by. 



Learn these case-endings very carefully. You will then, as it 

 were by anticipation, have acquired the chief forms of the first 

 and second declensions. And observe, here, some general facts, 

 the recollection of which you will hereafter find very useful. 

 These endings are signs or tokens of the feminine gender, 

 namely, 77, TJS, 77, TJJ/, 01, our, ay. These are usually signs or 

 tokens of the masculine gender, namely, 01, ov, <a, ov, ot, ots, 

 ouv. These are marks of the neuter gender, namely, ov, a. 

 Then, in regard to the cases, observe that TJS and ov are indi- 

 cations of the genitive singular, while the iota subscript is the 

 mark of the dative singular, is of the dative plural, and uv of 

 the genitive plural. 



In the article, as in nouns and adjectives, the nominative and 

 accusative neuter in the singular, plural, and dual numbers are 

 the same j thus : 



Singular. Plural. Dual. 



Nom. TO (ov) TO. (a) rw (a>). 



Ace. TO (ov) TO. (a) TO> (a>). 



You will ascertain how much you have become master of, and 

 be aided in fixing your acquirement in your memory, if, before 

 you proceed to the declensions considered separately, you now 

 study this 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE THREE DECLENSIONS. 



First. Second. Third. 



Singular. 



MAS. FEM. MAS. NEUT. MAS. FEM. NEUT. 



Rom. TJS as 77 a os ov a, , v, <a, v, , p, 5, ty 

 Gen. ov TJS as on 



Dat. 77 a 77 a <a 



Ace. i}v av T)v av ov 



Plural. 



1 (and same as 

 v J the Nom, in 

 ] some neuter 

 \noum. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



MAS. FEM. 



ats 

 as 



MAS. NEUT. 



ot a 



tav 



ots 

 ovs a 



Dual. 



M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N. 



Nom. Ace. a ta e 



Gen. Dat. aiv otv oiv 



These are the case-endings of the nouns of the three declen- 

 sions. Knowing these, you can easily form a noun or give any 

 case and number of a noun. Suppose the noun is TIJU.TJ, honour: 

 TifjLTj consists of two parts, namely, the stem or crude form rtfj., 

 and the nominative singular termination 77. Take from TI/J.TJ 

 the case-ending, you have the stem np. ; add to the stem TI/U the 

 case-ending, you have TI/WJ, the nominative singular. You will 

 Bee this exemplified in this table. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



STEM AND CASE-ENDINGS OF A NOUN. 



TtjUTj, Jionour. 



Singular. 



STEM. CASE-ENDINGS. THE TWO UNITED. 



Ttyu -77 TJ/U-TJ. 



ri/j. -TJS Tt/u-Tjs. 



rift 



rtyu, 

 rift 

 Tt/i 

 Tip 



-TJV 

 Plural, 



-at 

 -uv 

 -ais 

 -as 



Tiu.-<av. 

 ri/jL-ais. 

 Ttju-as. 



Dual. 



Nom. Ace. T^U -a 



Gen. Dat. rifj. -aiv ri/j.-aiv. 



Let us throw away the hyphen, and then from the common 

 form Tifj. we have Ttjurj, TifiTjs, TI/UTJ, TtjUTji/, Ttjuot, Ti/Acav, rifiais, 

 rifjias, rina, ri/j.aiv. This explanation will in substance serve for 

 the nouns and adjectives generally. 



In the preceding tables the vocative case is not given ; the 

 reason is, that in the first declension there is no form peculiar 

 to the vocative, the nominative form serving also as the vocative. 



THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



The first declension has four terminations in the nominative 

 singular, namely, TJ, a (or a), TJS, and as. Of these four termina- 

 nations, two namely, TJ and a are feminine ; and two namely, 

 TJS and as are masculine. 



CASE-ENDINGS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



Singular. Plural. Dual. 



MASCULINE. FEMININE. M. P. M. F. 



Nom. TJS as TJ a at a 



Gen. ov TJS as TJS far aiv 



Dat. 77 a 77 cf, 77 ats aiv 



Aoc. t\v av rjv av as a 



Voc. TJ, a a TJ a at a 



Nouns of the first declension may be divided into such as in 

 the singular have TJ in all their cases, and such as in the singu- 

 lar have a in all their cases. I shall present specimens of both 

 kinds, to be carefully learnt by heart. 



FEMININE NOUNS. 



1. Such as have TJ in all their cases. 



Singular. 



Justice. Victory. Honour. Opinion. A Fig-tree. 



Nom. TJ SI/C-TJ. viK-rj. Ttjit-Tj. yvca/j.-r). ffvK(ta)ri. 



Gen. TTJS StK-Tjs. VJK-TJS. TIJU-TJS. yvcafi-ijs. O~VK-T)S. 



Dat. T7J SlK-TJ. VIK-T). TI/i-TJ. yVU/Jl-r). ffVK-fj. 



Ace. rr)v SIK-TJJ/. viK-tjv. TI/U-TJC. yvufj.-r)v. ffvx-riv. 

 Voc. ta StK-Tj. viK-rj. Ttju-Tj. yv(afj.-r]. ffvK-fj. 



Plural. 



Nom. at 8t/c-at. vm-ai. Tip-ai. yvtofjL-ai. ffvu-at. 



Gen. Ttav SiK-tav. VIK-IOV. rip-iav. yvtaft-fav. o~vK-iav. 



Dat. TOIS 8i/c-ais. viK-ais. Ti/j.-ais. yvufj.-ats. o"i/c-a?s. 



Ace. TOS St/c-as. viK-as. rifj.-as. yvoi/j.-as. ffVK-as, 



Voc. ca SiK-ai. viK-ai. rip-ai. yvcafj.-ai. ffVK-ai. 



Dual. 



N.A.V. TO SJK-O. viK-a. rifj.-a. yvoi^-a. ffVK-a. 



G.D. raiv SiK-aiv. vtK-aiv. n/j.-aiv. yvo/u-aiv. avK-alv. 



The circumflex over the case-endings of ffvurj denotes a con- 

 traction of two vowels into one. 



FEMININE NOUNS. 



2. Such as have a in all their cases. 



Nom. OK 

 Gen. O~K 

 Dat. O~K 



ACC. ffK 

 VOC. ffK 



a long. 

 Shade. Country. 



Singular. 

 A Mina. Hammer. 

 p.va-(aa). ff<pvp-a. 

 /Jiv-as. fftyvp-as. 



a short. 



A Muse. 

 Hovff-a. 



A Table. 



-av. ^cop-ay, fiv-uis. 



afyvp-av. 

 ff(pvp-a. 



r pome -71. 

 rpaire-av. 



