LESSONS IN DRAWING. 



135 





oaptto, a man with a large head. Like balloon is saloon, in the 

 Fivm'li Hiilo/i. it place of reception (French, saltier, to salute, 

 greet : . UH, safe). 



Or, a trrmin uion borrowed from tho Latin or; as seen in 

 anctor, in English, author. The correspondent Saxon ending iii 

 tr, which has already been spoken of. Or denotes the agent. 

 Or, in former times, was written our. Author properly signifies 

 originator ; the first who does anything. 



" The author of that which cauieth anything to be, is author of thit 

 thing also which thereby is caused." Hooker. 



in his loins 

 New authora of dissension spring. " Philip*. 



Ory, a Latin suffix, seen in promontoriwm, a promontory (pro, 

 forward, ami mons, a mountain) ; and auditory, from auditorium 

 (audire, t<> tear). 



Ose, from tho Latin osus, as morosus (ill-tempered), morose. 

 The osus in Latin is sometimes uosus ; as, monstruous, mon- 

 We have the ending in imperious, imperiosus ; religious, 

 religions; invidious, invidiosus; suspicions, suspiciosus. The 

 osus is Englishised also by our termination y; as, ventosus, 

 windy; lapidosus, stony. 



Ote, of Latin origin, found in verbs formed from the Latin 

 participle in otuy ; as, to promote, from promotus (moved for- 

 to devote (Latin, dovotus, consecrated votum, a vow 

 something sacred or set apart for the gods). 



" Such on Isis' temple you may find, 

 On voti-ne tablets to the life pourtrayed." Dryden. 



Ric, as in bishopric, in Anglo-Saxon denotes power, dominion, 

 territory ; as, to-becume thin rice, i.e., thy kingdom come. Bishop- 

 ric, then, is the jurisdiction of a bishop. 



Ship, as in hardship, has no connection with ship, a vessel, 

 but comes from the Anglo-Saxon scipe, denoting a state, an 

 office, a dignity ; as, freond-scipe, friendship, the state of being 

 a friend ; in German, freunds7ia/t ; the shaft represents the older 

 form of the word, which was sceoft. Here is seen the origin of 

 worship ; that is, weorth-s/iip, literally, ivorthiness. 



" My train are men of choice aud rarest parts, 

 That all particulars of duty know ; 

 Aud in the most exact regard support 

 The icorshtp of their names." Shakespeare, "King Lear." 



Hence " worship " is a title of honour. 



" Dinner is on table ; my father desires your worship's company." 

 Shakespeare, " Merry Wives of Windsor." 



Derivatively, "worship" signifies adoration. 



" Under the name of church, I understand a body or collection of 

 human persons, professing faith in Christ, gathered together in several 

 places of the world for the worship of the same God, aud united into 

 the same corporation." Pearson. 



Sum, from the Anglo-Saxon sum, an adjective of the same 

 meaning as our adjective some, is employed in both Anglo-Saxon 

 and in English as a suffix ; as, winsum, winsome, that is, winning. 

 We find the termination in our present lonesome, handsome, 

 tiresome, etc. The spelling of some in tho Anglo-Saxon namely, 

 Bum shows the origin of our pronunciation of the word. Sound 

 etymology would throw great light on pronunciation. 



Ster, sir, a suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin, denoting the/eminine 

 gender, as spinster, a female spinner. We may exhibit tho real 

 meaning of nouns ending in ster, found in the Anglo-Saxon, thus 



MASCULINE. 

 Saugere, a singer ; 

 Bacere, a baker ; 

 Fidelere, u fiddler ; 

 Vebber, a weaver ; 

 e, a reader ; 



FEMININE. 



Sangestre, a song*tr. 

 Bacestre (Baxter), a female baker. 

 Fidelstre, a female fiddler. 

 Vebbestre (Webster), a female weaver. 

 Reedestre, a female reader. 



Seamerc, a amr (oncer) ; Seamstre, a seamstress. 



In our present termination of these feminities namely, stress, 

 as seen in songstress the ess or ss seems derived by attraction 

 from the classical termination ess from is. Originally, songstress 

 was song' sire , but by the prevalence of such forms as shepherdess, 

 jongestro waa gradually drawn into song^ress; and thus came 

 to have a double suffix, both feminine ; that is, str of the Saxon, 

 and ess of the Latin. Not inappropriately may the English 

 language be called a medley. 



" Through the soft silence of the listening night, 

 The sober-suited songstress trills her lay." Thomson. 



LESSONS IN DRAWING. XV J J i. 



TBEATMENT OF INFLECTIONS III WATER. 



IT in not the rule that because we can Me the abject* we : 

 consequently see the reflection* ; and, on the other hand, it i* 

 very common to see tins refaction of an object, or of light, when 

 the eye does not tee the object ibelf, something i*Unmi*i 

 between the eye and the object, but not between the eye and t*t 

 reflection. The leading principle, upon which U founded all 

 other data connected with our subject, i* that the rejUetiaiu of 

 all object* and their parts are always perpendicularly beneath Out 

 objects and the parti themtelvei respectively. Fig. 112, a simple 

 subject of posts, etc., will explain this. The top of the poet 

 is perpendicularly over the reflection b, and so with the rest ; 

 but it must be borne in mind that the proportion to be drawn 

 of tho reflection of an object is regulated by or according to 

 the position of the object, and also with regard to the point 

 from which we view it. If we view ihe posts (Fig. 112) as they 

 are drawn, perpendicularly and parallel with the picture plane 

 that is, the upper parts neither advancing towards the eye 

 nor receding from it, but exactly over the position of the lower 

 parts then the reflections will be the same in length, with the 

 Blight exception resulting from tho perspective of distant*. 

 We will endeavour to make this clear by the help of a few 

 problems. In order fully to understand these problems, we 

 recommend the pupil to work them out, and as the principles 

 of construction are the same throughout, we advise him to 

 repeat them with a few of tho conditions varied for instance, 

 greater or less inclinations of the slopes, and greater or len 

 elevations of those objects which are most in advance. One 

 first subject will be to draw the reflection of a wall (Fig. 113). 

 Let A be tho end section of a wall situated on the margin of 

 river. It is required to show its reflection, B, below the water's 

 edge, c D ; s l being the position of the eye on the horizontal line. 

 Draw a line, s l s s , perpendicularly as much below tho base C D 

 as it is above it, making s* E equal to s' E. From tho upper part 

 of the wall F draw a line to 8 s , and where this line cuts the 

 base c D in H will give the point through which a line is to be 

 drawn from s 1 to meet a perpendicular lino from F, which will 

 give the depth of the reflection required. Now in order to 

 apply the above rule in showing the face of the wall and it* 

 reflection, we must proceed as follows : In Fig. 113 draw at 

 pleasure the line acdb, and repeat this line, with its respective 

 divisions, in Fig. 114 ; through the several points acdb draw 

 horizontal lines at right angles with 06; make AB equal to 

 tho length of the given wall, and draw the rectangle A o H B ; 

 A B F E will represent the wall, E F H o the reflection. The 

 pupil must be reminded that the line a c d b in Fig. 113 is Use 

 picture plane or medium through which we see the wall, and 

 upon which it is supposed to be traced (see VoL I., page 

 72, Def. 3, "Station Point"). We have previously observed 

 that in consequence of tho position of the eye being above the 

 reflection, and on a level with some portion of the object, it 

 will repeatedly occur that tho reflections of many port* of the 

 solid cannot be seen, although the parts themselves an i ?, 

 and form, perhaps, the most important portions of the object. 

 Let us illustrate this by Fig. 115, which is a mass of masonry, 

 having two slopes, A and B. Having drawn the profile OK 

 section o, proceed as in the last case, being careful to draw line*, 

 or visual rays, from every angle to s 1 , and also to s*. Wham 

 these rays cut each other respectively in u-, t,p, lines from 8 l wfll 

 dete.-mine tho lengths of tho reflection. We must apply this to 

 a front view, as in the former case. Draw tho perpendicular 

 line E E 1 (the picture plane), and mark the points where the 

 visual rays cut the picture plane in a, 6,c, etc. Repeat this line 

 in Fig. 116, and copy from Fig. 115 the distances of the divi- 

 sions upon it, and proceed with the horizontal lines from these 

 distances as in the last problem. Upon the line marked g t 

 which represents the water's edge, make r o equal to the given 

 length of the wall ; d being the horizontal line, and the obeairar 

 being supposed to stand opposite the centre of the wall, the point 

 of sight will be at r s. Now the lines r p 8 and o P 8 are hod- 

 zonta 1 lines in perspective that is, the perspective of the bane 

 <;H (Fig. 115) : therefore, where the visual rays from the point* 

 in the base cut tho picture plane in / (three lines clone together) 

 will give the pointe, k,l,m, whence the perpendiculars of the 

 wall must be drawn, the lower slope rn must be drawn 

 between the lines , g (tee Fig. 115), and the perpendioolar 



