150 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOE. 



PROBLEM XLIX. To construct a regular pentagon by aid of 

 the circle and tJie scale of chords. 



Let x (Fig. 66) represent a scale of chords constructed to 

 suit the radius of the circle ADB (see Problem XX., Vol. I., 

 p. 256), for the purpose of obviating the necessity of making 

 another figure. Then with K as centre and a distance equal to 

 the chord of an angle of 60 deg. on the scale, describe the circle 

 ADB. Apply the compasses to the scale of chords, and open 

 them to the extent of the space intercepted between x and the 

 dotted line marked 72 deg., and mark any two points on the 

 circumference, as A and B, with the compasses opened to the 

 extent indicated. These are the extremities of an arc, the 

 chord of which subtends an angle of 72 deg. at the centre, K, of 

 'the circle ADB. Set off the arcs AE, ED, DC, along the cir- 

 cumference of the circle and join A E, E D, DC, and c B. The 

 figure A E D c B is a regular pentagon. 



The learner should construct a scale of chords on a large 

 -scale, if he be not in possession of one, and then draw all the 

 regular polygons named in the table whose angles are expressed 

 in terms involving degrees only, according to the process just 

 described. ^-^ _ __ 



LESSONS IN LATIN. XVIII. 



PEEPOSITIONS. 

 THE Latin prepositions may be divided into two classes, ac- 

 cording to the cases which they govern or require. Some require 

 an accusative, others require an ablative case. 



PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 



.Ad, to, at. 

 An'te, before. 

 Ap'ud, at, near, in the house of, in 



the writings of. 

 Cis or Ci'tra, on this side of. 

 Cir'ca, around, about (used of both 



time and place). 

 Cir'cum, around (of place only). 

 Cir'citer, about (of time) . 



Con'tra, over against (of place), 



against (of hostility). Secun'duni, along. 



Er'ga, in regard to. Su'pra, above. 

 Ex'tra, out of, without (in opposition Trans, across. 



to within). TJl'tra, beyond. 



In, into. Ver'sus, towards. 

 Infra, beneath. 



Versus stands with ad or in, the accusative being between 

 the two, thus : in Italiam versus, toward Italy ; ad oceanum 

 versus, toward the ocean. The ad and in are omitted before 

 names of cities ; as, Eomam versus, toward Rome. 



VOCABULARY. 



In'ter, among. 



In'tra, within. 



Juxta, beside. 



Ob, on account of. 



Pe'nes, in the power of. 



Per, through, by means </. 



Post, a/tr. 



PrsB'ter, passing by, near. 



Pro'po, near. 



Prop'ter, on account of. 



Anna, -orum 



anns. 



Caducus, -a, -um, fall- 

 ing, perishable. 



Camelus, -i, m., a 

 camel. 



Causa, -as, f., a cause, 

 a reason (E. B. to 

 cause, excuse). 



Cometa,-SB, m.,acomet. 



Commenioro, 1, 1 men- 

 tion, speafc of. 



Cougrego, 1, I meet 

 together (E. B. ccm- 

 gregatio7i). 



Depascor, 1, Ifeedupon. 



Exspiro, 1, I breathe 

 out, expire, die. 



pi., | Finis, -is, m., an, end. 

 Galli, -orum, the Gauls, 



tJie French. 

 Generosus, -a, - -um, 



generous. 



Metus, -us, m., fear. 

 Mirabilis, -e, admirable. 

 Mors, mortis, f., 



death. 

 Navigatio, -onis, f., 



navigation. 

 Odium, -i, n., hatred. 

 Olficium, -i, n., duty 



(E. B. ojficial). 

 Periculosus, -a, -uin, 

 (E. E. 



Pictus, -a, -um, painted 

 (E. B. picture). 



Pluto, -onis, Pluto, the 

 ruler of the lower re- 

 gions in classical my- 

 thology. 



Propero, 1, f hasten. 



Earitas, -atis, f ., rarity. 



Ehenus, -i, m., the 

 Rhine. 



Seges, seggtis, f., afield 

 of corn. 



Species, -ei, f., appear- 

 a?ice, beauty. 



Vestis, -is, f., a gar- 

 ment (E. E. vest). 



Victus, -a, -um, con- 

 quered. 



dangerous 

 perilous). 

 " Piscis, -is, m., a fish. 



EXERCISE 69. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Nulla firma amicitia est inter males. 2. Propero ad mortem. 

 3. Galli habitant trans Bhenum. 4. Nulla habemus arma contra mor- 

 tem. 5. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. 6. Cometoe ob raritatem 

 et speciem sunt mirabiles. 7. Servi parent propter metum, boni 

 propter officium. 8. Navigatio juxta litus* ssepe est periculosa. 9. 

 Nemo est beatus ante mortem. 10. Quam ob causam (ob quam causam) 

 rides ? 11. Infra luna omnia sunt caduca. 12. Multos per annos 

 (per multos annos) inter barbaros habitas. 13. Plutonis regnurn infra 

 terrain ponitur. 14. Imperium populorum est penes reges. 15. Pisces 

 extra aquam exspirant. 16. Bes prater opinionem cadit. 17. Camelus 



* By Virgil, and generally in the writings of the Latin poets, this 

 word is spelt littus. 



odium adversus equos gerit. 18. Pictra vestes apud Homerum com- 

 rnemorantur. 19. Multa animalia congregantur et contra alia dirni- 

 cant. 20. Hippotamus segetes circa Nilum depascitur. 



EXERCISE 70. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. There is no faithful society among the bad. 2. Man has no 

 arms against death. 3. Beyond death is life. 4. We hasten to the 

 Ehine. 5. The friends are before the house. 6. My sons are at my 

 house (apud me). 7. Are your children at your house ? 8. The king 

 is mild towards the conquered. 9. After death good men are happy. 

 10. What is (there) below the earth? 11. God is above and through 

 all things. 12. Men dwell below the clouds. 13. My children are in 

 my power. 14. In (apud) Cicero are many beautiful sayings (dicta). 

 15. I love the country on account of thee (on thy account). 16. The 

 soldiers are within the walls. 



PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE ABLATIVE CASE. 



sonants ) 

 rels > 

 and qu J 



by 



or 



from. 



A, before consonants 



Ab, before vowe 



Abs, before t an 



Ab'sque, without. 



Clam, without the knowledge of. 



Co'ram, in the presence of. 



Cum, with. 



De, concerning. 



1 >- out of. 



E, not before vowels 

 Ex, before vowels and 



consonants. 



In, in. [motion). 



Prae, be/ore (of place, denoting 

 Pro, be/ore (of place). 

 Si'ne, without. [case). 



Ten'us, as far as (stands after its 



Cum is united with pronouns, thus : te'cum, with thee ; vobis'- 

 cum, with you; nobis'cum, with us. 



VOCABULARY. 



Alienus, -a, -um, an- 

 ther's (E.E. alienate). 



Aliquando, adv., some- 

 times. 



Apes, apis, f., a bee. 



AquTla, -se, f . , an eagle. 



Audltus, -us, m., the 

 hearing. 



Aufugio, 3, I flee. 



Canto, 1, 1 sing. 



Coccyx, -ygis, m., a 

 cuckoo. 



Commeo, 2, I move, 

 proceed. 



Debilito, 1, I weaken. 



Dens, dentis, m., a 

 tooth (E. E. dentist). 



Elephantus, -i, m., an 

 elephant. 



Hebesco, 3, 1 grow dull. 



Infans, -antis, an infant 



Inventus, -a, -um, dis- 

 covered. 



Inventus est, was dis- 

 covered. 



Latro, -onis, m., a rob- 

 ber. 



Metellus, -i, m., Jfetel- 

 lus, a .Roman com- 

 mander. 



Mori, to die. 



Morior, 3, I die. 



Nidifico, 1, I build a 

 nest. 



Nidus, -i, m., a nest. 



Nihil potest, 7ias no 

 power. 



Occasus, -us, a going 

 down. 



Opes, opum, f., power, 

 riches, etc. (This 

 noun is used in the 

 sing, in the gen., 

 ace., and abl. cases 

 as if from uom. ops, 

 and when used in the 

 sing, means aid, as- 

 sistance.) 



Ortus, -us, m., a rising. 



Pario, 3, 1 bring forth. 



Phoenlces, -um, m., the 



PTuznicians. 

 Possum, I am able. 

 Potest, is able, has 



power. 

 Eemedium, -i, n., a 



remedy (E. B. reme- 

 dial). 

 Senectus, -utis, f., old 



age. 

 Sidus, -eris, n., a tar, 



a constellation. 

 Sinus, -us, m., a bosom^ 



bay, or gulf. 

 Triumphus, -i, m., * 



triumph. 

 Unquam, ever. 

 Venenum, -i, n., poison. 

 Viator, -oris, m., a 



traveller. 

 Visus, -us, m., the 



siglit. 

 Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes, 



a Persian monarch. 



EXERCISE 71. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Venenum aliquando est pro remedio. 2. Infans nihil potest sine 

 aliena ope. 3. Aquilse non nidificant in arboribus. 4. Coccyx parit 

 in alienis uidis. 5. Senectute hebescunt sensus. 6. Quidam homines 

 nati sunt cum dentibus. 7. Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex 

 Grrecia aufugit. 8. Metellus elephantos ducit in triumpho. 9. Cantat 

 coram latrone viator. 10. Sidera ab ortu solis ad occasum commeant. 

 11. Britannia a Phoenicibus inventa est. 12. Apes sine regina esse non 

 possunt. 13. Dulce est pro patria mori. 



EXERCISE 72. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Is poison ever a remedy ? 2. Xerxes fights in Greece. 3. In old 

 age the sight and the hearing are weakened. 4. Does the cuckoo 

 build in another's nest? 5. Thy sister sings before many (persons). 

 6. They hasten from the west to the east. 7. Coming out of Greece 

 the army hastens into Italy. 8. Metellus with many soldiers is in 

 Britain. 9. My son is born without teeth. 10. Is the army without 

 elephants ? 11. The elephants are led in triumph by the general. 12. 

 Is it sweet to die for (one's) country ? 13. What are mortals without 

 the aid of God ? 14. Do all birds build (their) nests in trees ? 15. 

 The boy is in the house without the knowledge of his father. 16. It 

 is sweet to see infants happy in the bosom of their mother. 17. Is 

 thy sister with thee? 18. Without his father the boy has no power. 

 19. My daughter is with me. 20. How many children are (there) 

 with you? 21. How many men are there in Britain ? 



FORMATION OF WOEDS. 



I have thus gone through the several parts of speech in the 

 Latin language, in a general way, aiming chiefly to make you 

 familiar with the nouns and adjectives. Before I pass on to 

 a full treatment of the verb and to the laws of literary combi- 

 nation comprised under the name of syntax, I wish to show you 

 bow great is the verbal treasure of which you have laid the 



