170 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



In the following example the volume of a gas will be " cor- 

 rected " for temperature and pressure : 



What weight of potassium chlorate will be required to fill a 

 gas bag of a capacity of 20 litres, the temperature of the room 

 being 15 Cent., and the pressure of the air at the same time 

 750 mm. ? 



KC1O, = KC1 + O, 

 39-1 + 36-5 + 48 = 39'1 + 35'5 + 48 ; 



or 122-6 parts by weight of KC1O 3 give off 48 of O, or 100 parts 

 of the salt yield 39'2 of the gas. We know that the weight of 

 a litre of oxygen at the standard temperature and pressure will 

 be 16 x 0-08936 grammes = 1-4298 grammes; therefore 20 

 litres will weigh T4298 x 20 = 28' 596 grammes. 



We must know first what volume 20 litres would occupy at 

 the given temperature and pressure. 



To correct for temperature we must multiply 20 by 273~~ ' 



and for pressure by ; or at one operation, 20 * 76 x < 273 + 15 > 

 750 273 x 750 



= 21-38 litres at 15" Cent, and 750 mm. 



The weight of the gas has nob been altered, and therefore this 

 21-38 litres at 15 Cent, and 750 mm. weighs what it did when it 

 was 20 litres at and 760 mm., that is, 28,596 grammes. 

 What, then, will 20 litres of this more rarefied gas weigh ? This 

 proportion will give the answer 



21-38 : 20 : : 28'596 



28-596 x 20 



OI.QQ = 26 '7 grains. 



How much potassium chlorate will be required to yield 26- 7 

 grammes of oxygen, when 100 yield 39'2 ? 

 39-2 : 26-7 :: 100 : 68'11. 



Therefore 6811 grammes of potassium chlorate will yield suffi- 

 cient gas to fill a bag of 20 litres at 20 Cent, and 750 mm. 

 pressure. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. XIX. 



SUFFIXES (continued). 



Th, of Anglo-Saxon origin, being a termination by which ad- 

 jectives are transformed into nouns ; as, treowth, truth, from 

 treowe, German treu, English true ; whence troth and betrothed. 

 We find the ending in mirth (merry), dearWi (dear), breadi/i, 

 (broad), depth (deep), etc. 



Tude, a Latin termination, found in laikitudo (latus, broad), 

 Catitude ; longitude (longus, long, longitude). So fortitude (fortis, 

 brave), ina.giiif.ude (magnus, great), etc. 



Ty, from the Latin substantive termination tas ; as corc- 

 moditas, commodity. Here we have an instance of the way in 

 which derivatives often depart from the meaning of their primi- 

 tives. Commoditas in Latin means proportion, convenience, 

 while commodity now signifies a thing, and has a strictly com- 

 mercial import. The steps by which the derivation took place 

 may be supplied from our older writers. Commodity is found 

 signifying advantage ; and as proportion, or due observance of 

 measure, time, or opportunity leads to convenience, so does a 

 regard to convenience conduce to advantage ; but advantage is 

 only interest or profit, and profit is by commodities, the sources 

 of gain. 



Commodity as convenience : 



" Travellers turn out of the highway, drawn either by the commodity 

 of a footpath, or the delicacy or the freshness of the fields." B. Jonson. 



Commodity as advantage : 



" They know that howsoever men may seek their own commodity, 

 yet if this were done with injury unto others, it was not to be suffered." 

 Hooker. 



Commodity as wares : 



''Of money in the commerce of mankind the principal use is that of 

 saving the commutation of more bulky commodities." Arbuthnot, " On 

 Coins. " 



Ule, as in globwle, from the Latin globwJus, a small globe or 

 ball. The termination ule (in Latin both ulus and ula) is found 

 in particule (Latin particula) shortened into particle. Animal- 

 cule, a little animal, is formed by analogy rather than authority, 

 inasmuch, as the only connected diminutive in Latin is animwZa, 

 from anima, there being no diminutive from animal. 



Ure, from the Latin ura ; as tinctwro, (a colour), tinctwre. 

 It is found also in verdwe (Latin, viridis, green}, immediately 



from the French ; and in tenure, from the word tenura, belong, 

 ing to feudal or mediaeval Latin. 



Ute, from the Latin participial ending utus, as acutus (Latin, 

 acu, a needle) , sharpened, acute. 



Ward appears in the German warts, as in vorwarts,/orwarcZs; 

 and the Latin versus, towards. It forms many compounds, 

 traces of which are found in the Anglo-Saxon, as thider-weard, 

 thitherward; ham-ward, homeivard. In the use of toward, the 

 to and the ivard were sometimes separated by the interposition 

 of the noun under regimen, as in 1 Thess. i. 8 



" Your faith to God-icard is spread abroad." 



Wise, from the Anglo-Saxon wise, manner, is used in both 

 Anglo-Saxon and English as a suffix ; as right wis, righteous, 

 formerly rightwise ; unrightiois, unrighteous. Wise, denoting 

 manner, is found in the Bible. 



" Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise." (Matt. i. 18.) 

 " If thou afflict them in any wise." (Exod. xxii. 23.) 



Webster, in his dictionary, under wise, states that wise is cor- 

 rupted into ^vays, as in lengthways. This position may be ques- 

 tioned. Way, signifying manner, is good English. Why, then, 

 may we not say lengthways ? The s is merely a terminating 

 consonant for the voice to rest on, as in always. Good writers 

 use longways no less than longwise. Sideways is more common 

 than nidewise. For always, algates ; and for otherwise, other- 

 gates (which are the same as our always and otherways ; gates 

 being from the German gehen, to go ; and gasse, a street or 

 way'), are not uncommon in the north of England. 



y, a Saxon termination, in adjectives representing ig, as 

 mjriff, merry ; wasserijr, watery / and in nouns representing 

 for the Latin ia, as victoria, victory ; for the Greek, also, ia, 

 as geometria, geometry. See the terminations ance and ce. 

 In such words as yclept, that is, called ; yclad, that is, clothed ; 

 the y is a softened sound of the German ge, which is prefixed to 

 the past participles, as jreboren, born. 



" But come, thou goddess, fair and free, 

 In heaven yclcp'd Euphrosyne, 

 And by men heart-easing mirth." Milton. 



ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 



