LESSONS IN A11C11 1 i 



IM 



LESSONS IN AK<'IHTi:TURE. VL 



Till ORDEHS OV AKCIUTKCTI 



MLJ.IC of Apol-o Pauionius, in Ionia, was built according 



. I.); but tho lonians, dissatisfied with 



[.H.-ity of i. uvonted aiiothof of a more delicate 



character, uinl railed it the lonio order, aftor the name of their 



i hoy made the height of tho column in this order 



in in-i>i>ortii>n to it diameter than in the Doric order. 



m of tho capital was totally different, having largo volutes 



ut its corners, of which the spiral is often very finely soulp- 



utablature was changed in its parts and proportions ; 



und a base was added to tho bottom of the column, in harmony 



with its capital (see Fig. IL). Of the origin of this order of 



architecture we have no distinct account. Vitruvins states, 



-i the Doric order was considered strong and masculine, 



like tho form of Hercules, the lonians modelled their new 



world. The architect who traced tho plan of this temple wa* 

 Cteuphon, who flourished about 552 B.C., and it WM partly 

 executed under his direction and that of bit son Metagenc* ; 

 but it woa completed by other architect*, who worked upon it 

 after these for the apace of more than two oentorie*. Vitruviua 

 says that tho form of this temple WM dipterick (two-winged), 

 that is, surrounded with two rows of columns in the form of 

 double portico. It was 426 feet long, and 216 broad. In thi 

 temple there were 127 columns of marble each sixty feet high, 

 given by as many kings! Thirty -six of these column* were 

 carved by the most excellent artists of their time*. SoopM, 

 one of the most celebrated sculptors of Greece, executed on* 

 which was the finest ornament of this magnificent structure. 

 All Asia had contributed with incredible ardour to the erection 

 and decoration of this temple. 



Vitruvius informs us that Demetrius, whom he calls the 

 servant of Diana, and Paconius, the Ephesian, finished tfaic 



n. IONIC. 

 THE GREEK ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. 



III. COBIKTHUJf. 



order according to the elegance and delicacy of the female 

 figure, and that the volutes were taken from the curls of the 

 hair on each side of the face. It is not easy to conceive how 

 the proportions of a Greek order of architecture could be 

 borrowed from that of the human figure, to which it has so 

 little natural resemblance ; and it has been ingeniously re- 

 marked that it is more natural to trace the form of the volute 

 in the Ionic order to the curling of the bark of a rude upright 

 post, crushed by a superincumbent weight greater than it could 

 bear. In this order, continued subjects began to appear on the 

 frieze, which in the Doric were considered the exception to the 

 rule. Tho cornice of the entablature was also enriched with 

 exquisite mouldings, and decorated with sculptured ornaments. 

 The edifices constructed after the Ionic order were numerous 

 and magnificent, such ae the temples of Bacchus, at Teos ; 

 Apollo, at Miletus ; Minerva, at Priene and Tegca ; and of 

 Diana, at Magnesia and Ephesus. This order was also em- 

 ployed in the construction of the Erectheum, or the temples of 

 Minerva Polias and Pandrosus, in the Acropolis at Athens; 

 of the Delphic Apollo and of JEsculapins, in tho same city ; 

 and in that of Juno, in Attica. The temple of Diana, at 

 Ephesus, was justly deemed one of the seven wonders of tho 



39-X.K.. 



temple, which was of the lonio order. History records the 

 remarkable fact that this temple was burned to the ground on 

 the day that Alexander the Great was born. This same 

 Alexander, it is said, offered to rebuild it at his own expense, 

 provided that the Ephesians would consent that he should have 

 the sole honour of it, and that no name should be added to 

 hii in the inscription to be put upon it. The Ephesians, not 

 approving this condition, concealed their refusal of his offer by 

 saying, "that it was not consistent for one god to erect a 

 monument to another." This temple was rebuilt with still 

 greater magnificence than at first. The truth of this may be 

 gathered from tho words of the sacred historian, in reporting 

 the speech of Demetrius the silversmith, who made silver 

 shrines of Diana, to the workmen of like occupation : " Sirs, ye 

 know that by this craft we have our wealth. Moreover, ye 

 see and hear, that not alone at Ephesus, but almost through- 

 out all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much 

 people, saying that they be no gods which are made with 

 hands : so that not only this our craft is in danger to be set at 

 nought ; but also that the temple of the great goddess Diana 

 should be despised, and her magnificence should be destroyed, 

 whom all Asia and the world worshippeth." Such was the glory 



