194 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOE. 



that attended the worship of " the image that fell down from 

 Jupiter," and such was the terror of the Ephesians that their 

 temple would be destroyed a second time, that, in the words 

 of the sacred historian, "when they heard these sayings they 

 were full of wrath, and cried out, saying, Great is Diana of the 

 Ephesians ; " and having assaulted Paul, and created a violent 

 uproar, the mob continued to utter the same cry, without 

 intermission, for the " space of two hours," in the chief city 

 of Asia. (Acts xix. 23 28.) 



The temple of Diana, at Magnesia, was built under the 

 direction of Hermogenes. He made its general dimensions 

 the same as for a double range of columns ; but, in order to 

 afford more space to the porticoes, he omitted the inner range. 

 Thus a clear space was left between the outer range and the 

 body of the building ; and thus he established the style called 

 tho pseudo-dipterick. Vitruvius speaks with great veneration 

 of this architect. The temple of Minerva Ulea, at Tegea, de- 

 signed and erected under the direction of Scopas, was of 

 singular construction. The peristyle of the temple was of the 

 Ionic order ; the interior was divided into three aisles by two 

 rows of Doric columns, and over these were placed others of 

 the Corinthian order. The sculpture upon the two pediments 

 was executed by the artist himself. 



The simplicity and severity of the Doric order having now 

 been abandoned, the artists of Greece Proper, not to be behind 

 the inventors of the Ionic order, by an effort of genius, gave 

 \>irth to a third order, which surpassed the Ionic in delicacy of 

 proportion and richness of decoration. This order was named 

 the Corinthian. The merit of its invention is generally ascribed 

 to Callimachus, a celebrated sculptor of Athens, who is supposed 

 to have reached the zenith of his fame about 540 B.C. He 

 is said to have taken the idea of this order from observing the 

 leaves of the acanthus growing round a basket which had been 

 placed, with some favourite trinkets, upon the grave of a young 

 Corinthian lady; the stalks which rose among the leaves 

 having been formed into slender volutes by a square tile which 

 covered the basket. In the Corinthian order the column is 

 more elegant, and the capital longer and more ornamented than 

 in the Ionic, spreading in the form of a basket, and com- 

 mingling the richest and lightest vegetation with the decora- 

 tions of preceding orders. The top of the capital, instead of 

 being square, assumes the curvilinear form, having angular 

 projections supported by elegant volutes. The mouldings 

 possess more beautiful ornaments than those of the Ionic or the 

 Doric. The frieze is usually ornamented with scrolls of foliage; 

 in the cornice, the corona is supported by modillions, which 

 represent the extremities of the beams of the roof, and are 

 usually carved into a scroll (see Fig. Ill, a.). These elegant im- 

 provements introduced into their orders rendered the Greeks 

 the real masters of architecture ; because, previous to their 

 invention, the Egyptians and the Asiatic nations in general 

 followed no precise rule in their constructions ; but as soon as 

 the orders were founded on rational proportions, of an exact 

 and invariable nature, they were imitated in the edifices of 

 every other nation. 



While awarding every credit to the ingenuity of the Greeks, 

 however, it must not be forgotten that in the columns of 

 several temples in Upper Egypt, whose shafts represent bundles 

 of reeds or lotuses bound together in several places by fillets, 

 the capitals are formed by several rows of delicate leaves. In 

 the ruins of Ellora, in India, the capitals of the columns are 

 also composed of similar ornaments ; and the Persians, at 

 their great festivals, were accustomed to introduce ornaments 

 of flowers at the tops of the pillars in their public apartments. 

 From tradition, report, or personal observation, Callimachus 

 might be made acquainted with these examples, and might be 

 led to the composition of the Corinthian capital, the chief 

 ornament of the Greek school. The Corinthian order, although 

 distinguished for its richness and even luxuriousness of deco- 

 ration in all its details, is essentially the most simple in its 

 general character, and easiest in execution. The finest 

 examples of this order were to be seen at Athens, in the monu- 

 ment of Lysicrates, the Tower of the Winds, the Stoa or 

 public piazzas, and the Arch of Adrian, at Athens ; the Pan- 

 theon of Agrippa, and the three columns of tha Ca.mpo Vaccino, 

 at Rome. The Corinthian order appears to have been but 

 partially employed in Greece before the time of the Roman 

 conquest ; but the Romans themselves employed it to a great 



extent in every part of their empire ; hence it is in edifices 

 constructed under their influence that the most perfect speci- 

 mens are found. It was only in the construction of temples 

 that the turbulent states of Greece could unite ; and in con- 

 sequence of this union, they constructed edifices of great mag- 

 nitude and splendour. Many of this description were built 

 and maintained at the expense of confederate states, and even 

 of all Greece such were the temples at Delphi, Delos, 

 Ephesus, Olympia, Eryx, etc. and these temples had terril 

 torial revenues, besides being enriched by private donations. 

 The Greeks appear to have made the greatest progress in the 

 arts, and to have constructed the most admirable of their 

 edifices, during the period from the age of Solon and Pytha- 

 goras to the era of Alexander the Great. Their architecture 

 prevailed in the countries where they extended their influence 

 along the coast of Asia. Alexander and his successors intro- 

 duced it into Egypt, and probably in the cities he built on his 

 route to India. To the westward it extended to Sicily, Italy, 

 and the south of France. After the brilliant period to which 

 we have alluded, the manners of the Greeks became Asiatic ; 

 their sublime spirit of independence was subdued ; and 

 although they continued for ages to be the instructors of their 

 Roman conquerors, their glory in the arts declined, and with 

 it the purity and elegance of the Greek architecture. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. VII. 



INSTEAD of os and ov, some nouns and adjectives have the ter- 

 minations cos (m. and f.) and wv (n.) ; the co is retained through 

 all the cases ; the vocative is the same as the nominative. 

 Though this form occurs in Ionic writers, as Herodotus, yet it 

 bears the name of 



THE ATTIC DECLENSION. 



Singular. 



Merciful. 



6, fj fAecos, TO fAecov. 



fAeco. 



fAecp. 



fAecov. 



fAecos. 



of, af fAeco. TO, fAeco. 



fAecov. 



fAecps. 



fAecos. fAeco. 



fAeco. 

 fAecpv. 



Some words of both the masculine and feminine gender often 

 drop the v of the accusative case, as 6 \ayws, the hare ; TOV 

 \ayto ; o A0cos, Mount Athos, TOV ABte ; r; ecos, the dawn, always 

 has Tr)v eco. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXERCISE 15. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Tots 00is vey KTifovrou. 2. Ov paStov effTiv eirt KaA.co> 

 flaiveiv. 3. AiwKOfj.fi> TOVS \aya>s. 4. AvSpoyetas r\v o M<pco i'fos 

 5. O,i !\a.y<f> BrjpevovTai vim ^eav OripevTwv. 6. Eir^on T<f /Aeco Sets 



