196 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR 



Kparrjp, -os, 6, a 



goblet, bowl. 

 Nto>, 1 wash. 

 nAeiaToi, -tav, <5,very 



many. 

 TIvp, -os, TO, fire. 



1. 



the 



Xe^ -os, r], 

 hand ; dat. x e P ai i 

 dat. dual, -%tpoiv. 



Xopos, -on, 6, a cho- 

 ral dance. 



^t\v, -o$, 6j a wasp. 



2irou5atos, -a, -ov, 

 earnest, or excel- 

 lent. 



epTra), I delight, Tep- 

 TTo^uai (with dat.), 

 I am delighted. 



EXERCISE 19. GREEK-ENGLISH. 

 TOUS 6r/pas. 2. Xeip X t P a vt C l - 3. A7re%ot TOU 

 xf'ljpos, 4. Of \fi/LL(aves 6a\\ov(Ttv. 5. Of orpaTicoTOi aSoucrt 

 iraiava. 6. EP Trvpi xp vffov Kal apyvpov yiyvcaffKOfj-ev. 7. IIoAAot 

 Trapa Kpasrripi yiyvovrai <j)i\oi Tr\tffToi Se e^Opoi. 8. Ot avBpwjroi 

 repirovrai KtOapq /cat 0aAia /cat, %opots /cat ira.ia.ffiv. 9. Of 'EAATjj/es 

 TOP ATTOAA&) /cat TOP IlocreiSa) ffefiovrai. 10. Of oTrouSaiot /j.a07]Tai 

 TO. Eepoc^copTos jStjSAia ^5ea)s avayiyixasKovffiv. 



EXERCISE 20. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Avoid wild beasts. 2. They avoid a wild beast. 3. Wash 

 the (thy) hands. 4. Keep ye from wasps. 5. A soldier is de- 

 lighted with the cry of victory. 6. The cry of victory delights 

 soldiers. 7. O earnest scholars, read the books of Xenophon. 

 8. The books of Xenophon are read by (viro, gen.) earnest 

 scholars. 9. We delight in beautiful meadows (dat.). 10. The 

 meadows bloom. 11. Poets worship Apollo. 12. The poet 

 worships Poseidon. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK. VI. 



EXERCISE 11. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Pursue honourable deeds, O beloved youth. 2. Obey the words 

 of thy teacher. 3. Thou learnest excellent things from the excellent. 

 4. A faithful friend partakes of (your) good and (your) bad things 

 (fortunes). 5. The gods (dfoi) care for men. 6. Men worship 

 (Oepairevova-iv) the gods. 7. Danger attends many works. 8. Good 

 things are mixed with bad. 9. The bad man is hostile to (at enmity 

 with) gods and men. 10. Men rejoice in good (men or things). 11. 

 O God, grant good fortune (happiness) to our friends. 12. O slave, 

 bear the wine to the young man. 13. Wine (o otvos) does not dissi- 

 pate, but begets cares. 14. Glory follows a difficult achievement. 



EXERCISE 12. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



iif Oey 



1. Ol afaOot Tip &6u> irctOovTat. 2. Ov iretOoi/Ta 

 IlfiOfaBe, <<> KaXoi veaviai, TUI &t6aaKa\(p. 4. Oi KUKOI -roit ayaDoi 

 tiffiv. 5. Tiav KCIKCDK ajrfxov. 6. Ol ccrSAoi -rutv irai&utv firi/J,f\ovrai ((jipov- 

 nov<rt) 7. Mr) rif \l/fv<TTOv \o-ytp Ttitnfvf, <a <pt\e irai. 8. Ilo\Ao<r Aoyoir 

 tTrerai KIV&VVOS. 9. Ol ea6\ot veaviai -rout <5i<3a<7KuXour ffepaireuoviriv. 



EXERCISE 13. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Virtue, not time, is the measure of life. 2. Death liberates men 

 from labours and evils. 3. Wine rejoices the minds of men. 4. With 

 ten thousand trials honourable things arise (are produced) . 5. The 

 divinity conducts the bad to judgment. 6. A faithful friend in a diffi- 

 cult division (strife) is worth silver and gold. 7. There are many 

 diseases among men. 8. Counsel leads to good. 9. Silence brings 

 honour to a youth. 10. The door is shut by bars. 11. Art nourishes 

 men. 12. O beloved disciples (scholars), strive after wisdom and 

 virtue. 



EXERCISE 14. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Ty OavcLTtp aTro\vovrai rtav KaKuv oi avOpairoi. 2. To> /3iip TroXAoi irovot 

 tirovrai. 3. *H rov Qeov ffO(pia TTpo? ev&atnoviav TOW? C(r9\ovs a-vei, 4. To*c 

 TOU Kpirov Xo-yoir !rov. 5. Oi TOU tieov Aoyoi cio-t xaicoi. 6. 'H Aupa Tar ^ov 

 6vfj.ov nepipvat Auei. 7. Ncy wpoo-rixej fl riav\ia. 8. Tour a~fa9ovv -rpeQei j 

 re%i"l. 9. 'O fjLO\\os xAeiei ^r^v Svpav. 



LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. XX. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE. 

 THE whole surface of the globe contains, as we have seen in the 

 last lesson (page 166), about 197,000,000 square miles. The 

 land is considered to contain about 52,000,000 square miles ; and 

 consequently, the water or sea to contain about 145,000,000 of 

 square miles. This makes the proportion of the water to the land 

 nearly as 13 to 36, or, speaking in general terms, approximately 

 as 3 to 1. The proportion of the land to the whole surface of the 

 earth is about 4 to 15, or rather more than that of 1 to 4. 

 There is much more land in the northern hemisphere than in the 

 southern ; and considerably more in the eastern hemisphere than 

 in the western ; this may be seen at once by looking at a map of 

 the world ; but it is more clearly seen by looking at a terrestrial 

 globe. An accurate idea of the relative proportions of land and 

 water on the earth's surface may be gained from the annexed 



diagrams, of which Fig. 11 shows the world in eastern and 

 western hemispheres on the meridians of 160 W. long, and 20 

 E. long. ; while Fig. 12 shows the world on the plane of the 

 equator in northern and southern hemispheres; and Fig. 13 the 

 world on the plane of the horizon of London in hemispheres 

 the one containing the greatest quantity of land, and the other 

 the greatest quantity of water that can be obtained in single 

 hemispheres by any similar bisection of the globe in any plane of 

 a great circle. The land in the northern hemisphere is con- 

 sidered to occupy rather more than two-fifths of the whole hemi- 

 sphere, and the land in the southern hemisphere about one-eighth 

 of the whole hemisphere. The land preponderates in the north- 

 eastern quarter of the globe, and the water in the south-western 

 quarter. Scarcely any land has yet been discovered in the south 

 frigid zone, and the limits of the land in the north frigid zone 

 have not hitherto been correctly ascertained. By far the greater 

 portion of the land lies within the north temperate zone ; the 

 greater part of the remainder lies within the torrid zone ; still 

 less within the south temperate zone ; and the least within the 

 north frigid zone. The greater part of the sea lies within the 

 torrid zone ; the greater part of the remainder within the south 

 temperate zone ; still less within the north temperate zone ; and 

 the least within the north frigid zone. 



On looking at a globe or map of the world, the student will 

 perceive that all the great and continuous tracts of land, com- 

 monly called continents (from the Latin continens, holding 

 together), become pointed as they stretch towards the south, by 

 which they are made to assume a pyramidal or triangular form 

 at the extremity. The continents of North and South America 

 and of Africa are the most remarkable illustrations of this fact. 

 In consequence of this tendency to taper towards the south, so 

 narrow is the connecting link or neck of land (commonly called 

 an isthmus, from the Greek to-fytoy, isth'-mos, a neck, or narrow 

 passage) between North America and South America, that little 

 more than forty miles of land separate Panama from Porto 

 Bello, on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Darien. The southern 

 points of the other two continents are well known ; Cape Horn 

 must be considered as that of South America, notwithstanding- 

 the Strait of Magellan ; and the Cape of Good Hope that of 

 Africa. Here it may be useful to remark that when a tapering 

 point of land projects into the sea, it is called a cape, from tho 

 Latin caput, a head, a figurative but very natural expression 

 for the extremity of the land, which may be considered as the 

 top or vertex of the triangular shape which it assumes when 

 jutting out from the continent to which it belongs. When the 

 land thus projecting into the sea is elevated considerably above 

 the sea-level, it is called a promontory, from the Latin pro, in 

 front of; and mons, a mountain that is, mountain-land in front 

 of the continent. The English term headland is often used for 

 capes and promontories on a small scale, connected with the 

 land ; so is also the term naze or ness, from the Saxon naese, or 

 German nase, a nose, or projection from the face. With regard 

 to the term strait, which is applied to a narrow passage of the sea 

 between two continents, or between a continent and an island, or 

 between two islands, it is evidently derived from streht, the past 

 participle of the Saxon verb streccan, to stretch, and bears the 

 same relation to the water that the term isthmus does to the 

 land. 



In reference to the continents of Europe and Asia, there is 

 also the general tendency to taper towards the south ; in the 

 former continent, however, this tendency is greatly obstructed 

 by the vicinity of the African continent, so that the Iberian 

 Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) does not so manifestly assume 

 the triangular form. Still this tendency is partially developed 

 in various parts of the south of this continent ; as in the con- 

 formation of Italy and Greece, which taper, but very irregularly, 

 towards the south, evidently in consequence of the feebler action 

 of the Mediterranean Sea, as compared with the full play of the 

 great Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the latter continent, the 

 tendency to taper toward the south has been divided in such a 

 manner as to present the three peninsulas of Arabia, India, and 

 Malacca, of which the two former are pretty regular in form ; 

 but the latter, in combination with what is called the Eastern 

 Peninsula, is very irregular in this respect. 



The term island is well known to signify a portion of land, 

 whether large or small, which is completely surrounded by water. 

 This word is derived from the Danish oie, an eye, and is literally 

 eye-land, or land so called because it is surrounded by water, as 





