206 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



The water, in rising from 15 to 100, will use 



(100 15) x 400 = 31000 units of heat. 

 These are supplied by the steam, therefore 

 536o; = 34000 

 34000 



536 



= 63-4 kilogs. 



If the water was to have been raised to 80 instead of 100, 

 then the condensed steam must have cooled from 100 to 80 

 that is, 20 ; thus it would have contributed 



2Qx units of heat more, 

 which would have been added to the 536#. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. XX. 



UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES. 



THE suffixes of which we have spoken enter into the structure 

 of the words with which they are severally connected. Thus 

 the ment in amendment forms an essential part of the term. If 

 ment is sundered from amend, the word amendment ceases to 

 exist ; and instead of a noun, there arises a verb, the verb to 

 amend. 



Other words are appended to roots without entering into 

 union with them. For instance, we say, cast down and cast up. 

 Here down and up form no part of cast. Cut off down and up, 

 and cast remains the same. Yet down and up modify the 

 meaning of cast, and they modify it in a very important way. 

 And down and up come after cast. In some sort, then, they are 

 suffixes. They perform the part of suffixes in regard to 

 meaning, and they differ from suffixes chiefly in not combining 

 with the root as do the suffixes already considered. Hence 

 they appear to be uncombined suffixes. Putting the two 

 together, I may designate suffixes, properly so called, combined 

 siiffixes, and those that do not enter into the composition of 

 words, uncombined suffixes. 



The uncombined suffixes down and up are adverbs. Adverbs 

 form one class of uncombined suffixes. Another class consists 

 of prepositions ; for instance, we say, I speak to, and I speak of. 

 Here to and of are prepositions. These uncombined suffixes, 

 you see, very materially modify the meaning of the verb to 

 speak. Consequently, the right employment of prepositions as 

 suffixes is a matter of great consequence. 



If you carefully follow me in what immediately ensues, you 

 will see that there is good reason to believe that the English is 

 a very flexible and a very rich language, and that it owes these 

 qualities largely to the existence in a free and uncompounded 

 state of many of its words. Let me explain what I mean by 

 " a free and uncompounded state." Suppose that fall and down 

 had coalesced into one word : thus, to falldoivn ; then falldown 

 would be a compound, and neither fall nor down would be free, 

 being absorbed in the new term. Indeed, we have in the shape 

 of a noun this very compound, only the terms are inverted as 

 in downfall. Now down and fall thus combining, you cannot 

 modify fall by using other prefixes ; you cannot, for instance, 

 say outfall in the sense of a quarrel, although the term is used 

 for the opening from which the water of a canal, sewer, or 

 drain escapes. But with down, as an uncombined prefix, you 

 can say fall out equally well with fall down ; and as you can 

 say fall out, so can you also say fall in. Indeed, the power of 

 expression thus acquired is almost endless. The greater is the 

 pity that some writers, ignorant of the treasures of the Saxon 

 element of our language, and misled by false views of elegance, 

 should have given preference to Latinisms, and frowned on the 

 idiomatic diction which ensues from the employment of our un- 

 combined suffixes. 



UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES. 



1. Adverbs. 

 Alack, 



" Away there ! lower tha rnizen yard on deck," 

 He calls, and, " brace the foremost yards aback." 



Falconer, " ShipwrKk." 

 Abaft, on the aft or hind part. 



" Let all hands go abaft." Anon. 

 Aboard, on board ship. 



" Resolved, he said ; and rigged with speedy care, 

 A vessel strong, and well equipped for war ; 

 The secret ship with chosen men he stored, 

 And, bent to die or conquer, went aboard." 



The facility of combination afforded by these unoombined 

 suffixes may be exemplified in this verb went. 



abaft the binnacle 



aboard the ship 

 aloft in a balloon 



abacfc suddenly 

 afar from his country 



bacfe in a carriage 



forward in good works 

 backward in morality 

 sideward to avoid a nuisance 

 sideways between the posts 

 / amidst the crowd 

 below the floor 

 above the roof 

 apart from the mass 

 ashore from the boat 

 through the folding doors 

 on successfully 



altogether 



in all he undertook 



the place intended 



the church 



amongst the scholars 



before the picture 



behind the door 



into the house 



out of the church 

 upwards to the ceiling 



round the monument 



in to see his friends 



out to take a walk 



high in the air 



low in pocket 



along the highway 



over the seas 



across the meadow 



under the archway 



far to prove it 



wrong in his mind 



right into the theatre 



up the stairs 



within the enclosure. 



Bun, throw, strike, bring 



off 



aright 

 near 



by 



Here are forty-one different acceptations of the word went. 

 In no other language known to me is this multiplying power 

 exceeded, if indeed it is equalled, even in the German ; while 

 in most languages, as in Latin, in French, and in Spanish, the 

 facility of combination is very much less. 



So familiar, however, are Englishmen with the import and 

 the application of the uncombined adverbs, that I have no need 

 to go through them in detail. It may be more useful to give 

 two or three instances of the way in which they modify the verb 

 to which they are subjoined. 



VERBS. SUFFIXES. 



back 



down 



forwards 



in, into 



along 



near 



over, on 



across 



up 



under 



out 



backwards. 



Here are fifty-six words made out of four with the aid of 

 suffixes, which being common property may enter into union 

 with many other verbs. In Todd's edition of Dr. Johnson's 

 Dictionary, sixty-two different applications of the verb to cast 

 are given and exemplified ; and this variety is owing mainly to 

 the efficacy of the uncombined suffixes. The diversity of 

 meaning given by these suffixes is no less remarkable. To run- 

 up an account is a very different matter from running doion an 

 enemy's vessel. By blowing up a citadel, a revolt may be put 

 down. You may enter into a cave, and you may enter into 

 Milton's conception of Samson Agonistes. If you have money, 

 you may set up your carriage ; if you are liberal, you may, at 

 the same time, set up a friend ; and if you have also a proper 

 spirit, you will not fail to set down the impertinent. Edgar, 

 having run through his fortune, enlisted as a common soldier, 

 and was run through in battle. To laugh with one's friends is 

 agreeable ; to be laughed at by them is very unpleasant. 



" So long as nature 



Will bear up with this exercise, so long 

 I daily vow to use it." Shakespeare. 



" It shows a greatness of soul for persons in distress to bear up 

 against the storms of fortune." Broome. 



" They are content to bear with my folly." Sidney. 



"With such alacrity they bore away." Dryden. 

 " Whose navy like E, stiff-stretched cord did shew, 

 1^1] he bore in and be^t them into flight." Dryden. 

 " As a lion bounding in his way 



With force augmented bears against his prey." Dryden. 

 "The weight of the body doth bear most upon the knee joints." 

 TFilfcins. 



" I doubted whether that occasion could bar me out in my con- 

 fidence." Temple. 



" An eagle fluttereth over her young and bearetTi them on her wings.'- 

 /Deut. xxxii. 11.) 



