LKSSONS IX KNCJLISH. 





\ on suppose the state of this realm to be BO feeble, tliat it 

 :. bar of a greater blow than thin ?" J/ayicard. 

 " And Itaft ilotrti all before it with impetuous force." Drydtn. 



: bar Uicfc npon th' uncertain wind." Drydtn. 

 " Cantor doth bar me hard ; but he loves Urutus." Shakespeare. 

 " Qivo but thi) word, we'll snatch liig damsel up, 

 And btvir her o/." Cato. 



n:tutir;il phrases would add, to bear dovm on an 

 > up against the wind ; to bear round a head- 

 ' a sea ; to bear by an island, and 



it. What variety of meaning arises from these un- 

 . uialiiin d .-utli\.-< may bo soon by taking a single thing as their 

 the first be a river and the second a bridge. 



To go uear a river. 

 To go along a river. 

 To go iuto a river. 

 To go through a river. 

 To go over a river. 

 To go under a river. 



To go upon a river. 



To go near a bridge. 

 To go along a bridge. 

 To go over a bridge. 

 To go across a bridge. 

 To go under a bridge. 

 To go upon a bridge. 

 To go above a bridge. 





On a tempestuous night a horseman fatigued with a long day's 

 journey, in attempting to go across a dilapidated bridge, was blown over 

 it into the river. If you go through the Thames you will probably be 

 drowned ; if, by means of the Tunnel, you go under it, you will not wet 

 the sole of your foot. A balloon will carry you over the Thames, and 

 you may cross the river in a wherry. I sauutered along the river, and 

 at length went upon its tranquil bosom. My cousin walked under the 

 bridge, while I was above it in the balloon, and we both saw the sheep 

 jo inlo the river. 



These adverbial suffixes must not be confounded with ordinary 

 adverbs. They are only a small portion of ordinary adverbs. 

 Their connection with their verbs is more intimate than is the 

 connection of ordinary adverbs, for though uncombined they 

 form a part of the verb in each case, and are essential to its 

 signification. The office of the ordinary adverb is not to 

 change the import of a verb, but to denote the manner of its 

 action. In to bear patiently, the adverb patiently does nothing 

 more than mark the way in which the evil is borne ; it is borne 

 patiently, not impatiently, not peevishly, not complainingly. 

 But to bear through, as " the admiral bore through the enemy's 

 line," is in the primitive sense of the term not to bear at all, nor 

 in the derivative sense to endure, but to sail or direct a ship. 

 Besides, ordinary adverbs may be connected with these adverbial 

 suffixes ; as, for example, " the admiral boldly bore through the 

 enemy's line." 



UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES. 



2. Prepositions. 



I have termed the uncombined suffixes of which I have spoken 

 adverbs and adverbial suffixes. In doing so I have, in regard to 

 such as into, through, etc., considered them in their connection 

 with their several verbs. Thus viewed, they in construction are 

 taken as parts of their verbs. In consequence the verbs become 

 compound, and in their compound state govern their objects. 

 But through, into, and others may be viewed as prepositions. 

 When so considered they are connected not so much with the 

 verb as with the noun, which in that case is governed not by 

 the verb but by the preposition ; in other words, the noun is 

 directly dependent on the preposition rather than on the verb. 

 I may illustrate my meaning by an example of 



1. A Verb compounded with 2. A Preposition connected icitfi 



a Si'ffix. a Noun. 



He went-under the bridge. He went under the bridge. 



The boat sailed-down the river. The boat sailed down the river. 



In the use of prepositions in connection with verbs, special 

 regard must be paid to usage. The power of the verb is 

 materially affected by the preposition. This fact is broadly 

 eeen in the appending of to or of to the verb to speak ; for 

 example, to speak to, to speak of. Besides the phrase to speak 

 to, we use the phrase to speak with. The two meanings are 

 nearly the same, but to speak to is to address, and to speak u*ith 

 is to interchange remarks, to converse. The usage you are to 

 follow is present usage. In its very nature usage is a varying 

 thing. Of old, to lay hold on was employed in the way of our 

 to lay hold of. At present wo say dependent on, but in- 

 dependent of, yet the two adjectives, as they differ only in the 

 negative in, would naturally require the same construction ; and 

 in former days on was used with independent as well as 

 dependent. 



tins independent upon Mm." 



" A being of dependant nature 

 South. 



It ia a rule that verbs, compounds of the Greek, Latin, and 

 French languages, take after them the same preposition*! as 

 those which enter into their fltrnctnrc ; thnu, we say HyropathiHO 

 with, for the sym of sympathise denotes with. In the same 

 way we say adhere to ; intervene between. Yet we say prefer 

 to, instead of prefer before (prae, Latin, before). We bare also 

 conformable with, and conformable to. 



" The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing 

 conformable with that character we find of her." Additon. 



" He given a reason conformable (o the principle*." Arbuthnot. 



With, however, seems to denote a greater degree of resemblance 

 or correspondence than to. According to the rule just enunciated, 

 averse (a, from ; and verto, / turn) would take from after it ; yet 

 we say not averse from, but averse to. Exception (ex, out of; 

 and capio, I take) would require out of or from ; yet we eaj, 

 exception to. 



" Pleads, in exception (o all general rules, 

 Your taste of follies with our scorn of fools." Pope. 



The elegance as well as the propriety of language much 

 depends on a correct use of the prepositions, and, consequently, 

 I shall make them the subject of a series of exercises in English 

 composition. 



PARSING. 



God made the little worm that crawleth on the ground. I saw a fly 

 crawl up the window pane. Let us go forth into the green fields. 

 John has gone down into the cellar. The buds come ont on the trees. 

 The cowslips hold up their heads ; will the cowslips never hang their 

 heads down ? The goslings are running on the green. They are now 

 going down into the pond. The hen sits upon her nest. When the 

 hen bos broken the shell, the chicken will come out. The sheep can 

 scarcely stand under their wool. The butterflies flutter from bush to 

 bush. The young animals of every kind sport about. The shepherd 

 careth for his sheep, and bringeth them back to the fold. My son, 

 take care of your aged mother, and sustain her in her weakness. 

 Your mother brought you up on her knees. Yon lay in her bosom. 

 She fed you with her own vital substance. Therefore, let her now, in 

 her age, cleave to you, and, upheld by you, let her gently go down 

 into her toinb. 



EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. 



Make a simple sentence comprising the words which follow. 

 Words with their proper Prepositions. 



Abandoned to, F. B.* abandon, surrender. 



Abhorrence of, " horre, stiff ictth /right. 



Abound in, " und, irarc. 



Absent from, ' ens, being. 



Abstain from, ' tene, to hold. 



Accede to, ' ced, to go. 



Acceptable to, ' cap, to take. 



Access to, ' ced, to go. 



Accessory to, " ced, to go. 



Account of, " computare, reckoned, 



Accuse of " caus, cause. 



Acquaint with, cognosc, to tnow. 



Acquiesce in, quies, rest. 



Acquit of, quit, to free. 



Adapted to, apt, to jit. 



Add to, do, to give. 



Adequate to ceq> equal. 



Adhere to, hsore, to stick. 



Adjacent to, jace, to li. 



Adjudge to, judec, a judge. 



Questions : What is the difference between accord iri/h, and accord 

 to J between accountable to, and accountable for ! between admit, and 

 admit of ? between address, and address to ? 



In order that you may clearly see what I require, I give a 

 sentence or two by way of example. 



Such conduct draws upon him the abhorrence of all men. Such 

 conduct subjects him to the wrath of God. 



The former sentence is constructed on draws upon ; the latter 

 is constructed on subjects to. Suppose that I had given absence 

 from and arrival at, as the germs of a sentence, then I perform 

 what is demanded, xnus : 



Your absence from home has given your parents much pain. John's 

 arrival at Portsmouth has inspired all the family with hope. 



F. K. signifies Foreign Representatives, that is, the stem in the 

 Latin, French, etc., which forms the root or substance of the word : 

 in these stems, only the essential or radical letters are given. 



