\TIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 





before yesterday. 37. Did yon Me me and my family yesterday even- 

 ing at the concert P 38. Yea, I saw you and your family. 39. The 

 commander praised bia aoldiera. 



EXERCISE 30 (Vol. I., page 180). 



i.tcr \tt (Vtiifen $. bat mcint '.Bride, unfc nid;t tio 

 i te franfcn (Mentrato flub fiofjtr, a( tie meinujen 

 babe iiii-iiuii rtu-'ii-invcl verloreii, aber bier ift ter jbriije unl tet feinigt. 

 ; .11 tiefe fd;onen SBiefen, fint fit tie 3b,rigen ? 5. Stein, fit 

 ftnt nu1>t tir nietniijen ; fie fint taS (figontbum meine Sreuntei, tt 

 .(Uitnl'et- c.. .'.Mi-iii iii fnm-'i .tot ten mctnigen V T. .v.li 



bale ivcter ten fcmigen, ncd; ten meintjen, fontern tenjenigen meiner 

 rtrau 8. i tntttdten ten Tieb an tern Vemte, tt>el*e fr tnu, unt 

 uutt u feinige n?iir 9. SBann faljen <2ie 3b,w Sreunte ? 10. 

 i fit feit jiingflem Somntrr nid;t gefeb,tn. 11. Qfr liebt 511 fefyr 

 bat Sctnigc. 12. $abcn Sic mid) unt tie SWetnigen, -fceiiiviil) unt tie 

 6dnigtn ge flern '.Hbent jtviftycn fteben unb acbt Ub,r in ter Met gcfeljen ? 



EXERCISE 31 (Vol. I., page 180). 



1. Which child does the uncle love ? 2. He loves that which he 

 praises. S. Whose child lovea the undo ? 4. The one that he loves, 

 lores him. 5. Which hat have you ?' 6. I have that which your 

 brother has had. 7. Which boy does the father love ? 8. He loves 

 the one that the mother praises. 9. Which boy loves the mother ? 

 10. The one that the father praises. 11. Which horse has your 

 l-n.th.-r bought? 12. He has bought that which you had yesterday. 

 13. Which man do you praise ? 14. I praise that man whose son you 

 love. 15. Which books have you bought ? 16. I have bought those 

 which my brother has had in his hands. 17. Whose books have you ? 

 18. I have the books of those boys whose hats you have. 19. Those 

 who are vicious have no tranquillity of soul. 20. The one who has the 

 car on the forehead is the old magistrate. 21. That is good which is 

 useful. 22. These men are the same whose barns, stables, and dwel- 

 lings you saw yesterday. 23. The labourers in the vineyard of him 

 who gives the least reward are few. 24. The hermit of yonder chapel 

 is a friend of those who are helpless and forsaken. 25. He is wise 

 who is virtuous. 



EXERCISE 32 (Vol. I., page 181). 



1. !Tcr Srcunt, ttefcben id; fjabe, ifl trcu. 2. SBeffen @$tiiffel Ijaben 

 3. Cut babe ten ter Srau, teren Sccbter ie fennen. 4. 3d; toerte 

 fcitfe* 3?urf) temjenigen gcbcn, roe!cf;cr juerft i)ier fein toirt. 5. Jpcibcn 2ic 

 metn 8ud> gefeben V 6. SJlein, 4 babe nicb. t baSjtnige qefeljen, rt>e(cbeS Sic 

 emnlbnen 7. ie Smite, tie id; b,aben n>cvte. 8. 3d; fam, Weil i* e 

 .ibm *erfprben Mte. 9. 2Be ttobnen Sic? 10. 3d; roobne in temfclben 

 fcaufe, in irelitcm i* ttjeb,nte. alS ie mki> befudjtcn. 11. ffidcbe ticfcr 

 3)amen tft 3b,re ijrau? 12. iejenige, njefdje mit tern aftcn $errn frricfct. 

 13. Der Sreunt, n>eld;en id; wrtorcn fyabe, h>ar mir feljr tbcucr. 14. 3d; 

 l)abe ten fRod gefauft, njctdjen Sie in tern Senftcr ntcincei ScfmeitcrS fa^cn. 

 15. (Smpfe^len 2ie mi* tern -errn, n-cdlicr fo ftbr bi-flid; ift. 

 EXKRCISB 33 (Vol. I., page 197). 



1. Is this young man ill ? 2. No, but he was ill yesterday. 8. Who 

 has been in your father's garden ? 4. Nobody has been in the garden, 

 but somebody has been in his house. 5. How long does the old pea- 

 sant still remain in the town P 6. I am not acquainted with the old 

 peasant, and don't kuo\r how long he remains. 7. Is your old friend, 

 the merchant, gone to Vienna ? 8. I believe he is gone to Berlin to 

 his brother. 9. From whom have you heard this news to-day P 10. 

 I have spoken to one of my friends, who has come from Dresden, and 

 has brought a letter to me from my father. 11. I reside with my 

 uncle, and go with him to the little village. 12. My beautiful bird has 

 Sown out of the cage, and my little horse has run to the forest. 13. 

 What has your father written to you P 14. He has written (to) me a 

 long letter. 15. When were you at the market P 16. I was there the 

 day before yesterday in the evening, and bought some beef. 17. We 

 have had beautiful weather this afternoon. 18. These scholars have 

 been buy, and those diligent. 19. The snow was very deep the day 

 before yesterday. 20. I have never been ill. 21. Frederick the Great 

 was (a) King of Prussia. 



RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



WHALES. 



THE weary voyager, who for weeks has seen nothing but sea 

 and sky, is at times diverted by the sight of some huge 

 monster of the deep disporting itself on the bosom of the 

 ocean. It may be a large Sperm Whale spending ten minutes 

 in breathing before plunging once more to unknown depths, or 

 a shoal of porpoises darkening the sea as they rise for the 

 same purpose, or the huge common whale, so longed for by 

 the whaler in search of whale-bone and blubber ; but whatever 

 the kind, it breaks in on their monotony, and is, for the time. 



a matter of deep interest to them. The whale, however, i* 

 a most remarkable animal, and u worthy of more than a pain- 

 ing thought aa being the largest of all animal* both on sea 

 and land, not excepting the moat gigantic of elephant*, and aa 

 presenting us with the seeming paradox of being a fah, and 

 yet no fiah. This latter point is one of extreme intercut from 

 a scientific standpoint, and we may as well at once inquire 

 into it. 



The ordinary observer is persuaded that the whale is a fiah 

 when he reflects that it . lives in water like other fiube*. in 

 shaped like them, and has fins and a tail which are used to 

 propel it through the water. The naturalist, on the other ban. I, 

 is also persuaded that it is no fish, but an animal much more 

 like our cat, pig, or horse, and he classes it along with these 

 lomestic animals in preference to giving it a place among 

 sharks, salmon, &c. Such an arrangement seems to do vio- 

 lence to one's idea of what is proper in the matter of classi- 

 fication, yet we shall now see that the naturalists are right ; 

 that, in short, a whale id more like the domestic animals we 

 have mentioned than it is like a cod or a salmon, and for these 

 reasons. A fish has a heart with two chambers only in it ; a 

 whale, on the other hand, has a four-chambered heart, like 

 that possessed by each of the domestic animals we have 

 referred to. A whale is unlike a fish and like the cat in 

 many other important respects : thus, the whale is warm- 

 blooded, i.e., has a temperature of from 98 Fahr. to 120 

 Fahr., whereas a fish is cold-blooded, or has a temperature 

 yery much lower ; the whale is a lung-breather, whereas the 

 typical fish breathes by means of gills ; the whale gives birth 

 to its young alive, but the young of a fish are born by the 

 hatching of eggs ; the whale suckles its young until they are 

 able to take care of themselves, the young of a fish receive 

 little if any parental attention after they have broken the 

 shell. Now, the reader will very readily perceive that in each 

 of these particulars, while the whale differs from a fish, it is 

 like, say the domestic cat, which is warm-blooded, has a four- 

 chambered heart, breathes by means of lungs, and suckles its 

 young. In order that there may be no misapprehension, 

 we may say a few words more about the difference in their 

 ways of breathing. Both whale and fish have their blood 

 purified by means of oxygen, but while the former obtains it 

 from atmospheric air, coming periodically to the surface for 

 that purpose, the latter abstracts the oxygen it requires from 

 the air dissolved in the water. Now air is not very soluble in 

 water, and the amount of it which is dissolved varies 

 much with the circumstances of pressure and temperature. 

 Also more oxygen than nitrogen is dissolved by a given measure 

 of water, so that it will readily be inferred that the air 

 dissolved in water is richer in oxygen than atmospheric air. 

 It is this oxygen which the fish abstracts from the dissolved 

 air by means of its gills, so that it has no reason to rise to the 

 surface to breathe like the whale. 



The whale, then, plainly belongs to that large body of 

 animals which suckle their young, if we are to be guided in 

 our arrangement of them by similarities of structure, and this 

 fact is now universally recognised by naturalists, who place 

 whales in that large group of animals to which they hare 

 given the name of Mammalia. 



The whale is externally unlike most other mammals, because 

 it has to live under widely different conditions from them, 

 moving, as it does, in a comparatively heavy fluid, and at 

 times under very great pressure. Roughly speaking, its body 

 is more or less cigar-shaped, tapering gradually until the tail 

 is reached, where it expands into an enormous fin, sometimes 

 as much as twenty feet broad. At the fore-part, and on each 

 side, of the body, not far from the corners of the mouth, there 

 is a swimming paddle. These flippers or paddles appear to be 

 used mainly for balancing purposes. It is the tail fin which is 

 principally used to propel the whale by its movements just as 

 a single oar at the stern may be made to drive a boat through 

 the water. The skin is generally quite hairless, and of enor- 

 mous thickness, consisting of elastic fibres interlacing in all di- 

 rections, in the interstices of which oil is contained. This is the 

 substance which is known as blubber. This large accumulation of 

 oily matter doubtless subserves two important ends : first, that 

 of helping to keep up the animal heat by preventing the con- 

 stantly changing surface of extremely cold water from carrying 

 it off, and in the second place serving as a cushion to withstand 



