LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. 



231 



EXERCISE 17. - GREEK-EN'. 



1. Peacocks were sacred to Hen (Juno). 2. We admire Menelaus 

 for hU valour. 3. The poets coll the morning rosy-fingered. 4. Truth 

 (ft XnOiu) often doM not aatUfy the people. 5. Helen wu the wife 

 of MeuelauH. 0. Babylon produces many peacocks. 7. In the temples 

 of the gods are many pillars. 8. Hares are timid animals. 9. The 

 voyage round (Mouut) Atbos was dangerous. 10. The palace has fine 

 chambers. 



EXERCISE 18. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1 Mv<Xr 0ut>fiatTcu twt TJ apTj;. Z. Oau/iafo/ici/T 

 <(. 3. IluXXtii raifi lla/2i>\uviy TIKTUVTUI. 4. Ev rtp rrjt 'llput v<f) tan 

 xuXov ruuf. 5. Ol tfiipei/Tui TOUT vdpv<wai. 6. Ot -raif Ivtiptuovrai vtro 

 tm f>ipii>Tuv. 7. Oi u-)u0oi woXtrai TOV avoqroy Xeaii* qitufoutH. 



EXERCISE 19. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Avoid wild beasts. 2. A hand washes a hand. 3. Keep from 



the wimp. 4. The meadows bloom. 5. The soldiers sing their war 



song. 6. We know (try) gold and silver in (by) fire. 7. Many become 



friends at the goblet (over their cups), but most (a greater number 



enemies. 8. Men are delighted with the harp and banqueting 



noes and tougs of victory. 9. The Greeks worship Apollo 



and Poseidon (Neptune). 10. Industrious scholars read the works of 



Xenophon with pleasure. 



EXERCISE 20. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. <t>Cf) Tout #npar. 2. Orjpu tfievfovai. 3. Tar yftpat mfc. 4. Aircxa(J 

 TWf ^r\vu>. 5. Z-tpaTiuTric ff> iraiavi Ttpirerai. 6. '<> iraiav Tovr aipcniuirac 

 Tipird. 7. ii ffoi/3aioi fiu0r)T<i(, ra TOW 5evo0uvTor /JiySXiu aya7<7VU<riceTe. 8. 

 fa T.JI/ Hevo^uvTor /?> JXia avatifiaiKrKoi'Tcu viro TUV <rirovda<cui/ /lutfijTuv. 9. 

 fcpvoMctfa TOIT KaXoir Xeifioai. 10. Oi Xeifiwvcc 0aXXou<7<. 11. Oi irmmai 

 rov An-oXXui <7</?orra. 12. Toy Iloaeidu) <r/3(Tu 6 troirirnr. 



LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. XXI. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS OP THE EARTH'S SURFACE 



(continued). 



WITH, regard to the natural divisions of the water, the sea 

 which surrounds the land is divided into three great sections, 

 called oceans, exclusive of the comparatively small portions lying 

 within the polar circles, which are denominated the Arctic and 

 Antarctic Oceans. Those throe sections are : 1st. The Atlantic 

 Ocean, extending from the Arctic Circle to the Antarctic Circle, a 

 distance of 9,188 miles, and from the western coasts of the Old 

 "World to the eastern coasts of the New World, varying in 

 breadth from 1,818 miles, the distance between Sierra Leone 

 and Cape Roque, to 4,135 miles, the distance between the Cape 

 of Good Hope and Cape Horn. 2nd. The Pacific Ocean, also ex- 

 tending from the Arctic Circle to the Antarctic Circle, and from the 

 eastern coasts of the Old World to the western coasts of the New 

 World, varying in breadth from sixty miles at Behring Straits, 

 to about 11,000 miles at the equator, and then tapering to 5,277 

 miles, the distance between Cape Horn and Tasmania. 3rd. 

 The Indian Ocean, extending from the Tropic of Cancer to the 

 Antarctic Circle, a distance of 6,214 miles, and from the eastern 

 coasts of Africa to the western coasts of Australia, varying in 

 breadth from 3,491 miles at the equator, to 6,126 miles, the 

 distance between the Cape of Good Hope and Van Diemen's 

 Land. 



The ocean which rolls between Asia and America, called the 

 Pacific, from the smoothness of its waves, and sometimes the 

 Great South Sea, from its vast extent, exceeds the whole surface 

 of the dry land. It is usually divided into two parts by the 

 equator, the portion which lies in the northern hemisphere being 

 called the North Pacific Ocean, and that in the southern hemi- 

 sphere the South Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the east by 

 the western and north-western shores of America, and on the 

 west by the eastern coasts of Asia and Australia. Towards the 

 eastern side, and in the torrid zone, the face of this ocean is 

 studded with innumerable groups of islands, all remarkably 

 small. These consist generally of coral reefs, rising up like a 

 wall from unfathomed depths, and emerging but a little way 

 above the level of the sea. The most noted of these groups is 

 that called the Society Islands, the chief of which is Otaheite or 

 Tahiti (for an engraving of Otaheite see Vol. I., page 237) ; but 

 all of them are the works of insects, both minute and innu- 

 merable, whose incessant labours are gradually forming new 

 groups at the bottom of the ocean. The situation of these 

 islands is such that, although lying between the tropics, the tem- 

 perature of their atmosphere is so moderated by the surrounding 

 ocean that they enjoy the most delightful climate in the world. 



On the western aide of the Pacific Ocean are the seas of Japan 

 and Okhotsk, and the Yellow Sea and China Sea ; and on the 

 eastern side are the inlet* called the Golf of California and 

 Queen Charlotte's Sound. 



The ocean which rolls between Europe and America, and also 

 between Africa and America, in usually divided into two part* 

 by the equator, the one being called the North Atlantic Ocean, 

 and the other the South Atlantic Ocean. The whole ocean 

 receives the name Atlantic, from its washing the shores of that 

 part of Africa where the mountains of Allot were situated, which 

 the poets feigned were employed to support the heavens. The 

 Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the east by Europe and Africa, and 

 on the west by America ; that part of it between Europe and 

 America is called, from ancient times, the Western Ocean. The 

 Atlantic Ocean, taken between the limits of the Arctic Circle and 

 the latitudes of 35 S. on the one side, and 55 S. on the other, 

 is only about half the size of the Pacific Ocean. The South 

 Atlantic Ocean contains few islands of any size, and no inlets of 

 consequence. The North Atlantic Ocean abounds in large 

 islands, of which Great Britain and Ireland are the most noted ; 

 and in deep and numerous inland seas, which penetrate far into 

 the interior of both the Old and New Worlds, and which have 

 rendered the nations which possess its neaboard the most com- 

 mercial and enterprising people on the lace of the globe. The 

 Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea are but arms of the North 

 Atlantic Ocean, on the east ; and the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of 

 Mexico. Hudson Bay, and Davis Strait, arms of the same on 

 the west. On the eastern shores, few large rivers, except the 

 Niger, discharge themselves into its waters ; but on the western 

 shores it receives the great rivers La Plata, the Orinoco, the 

 Maranon or Amazons, and the Mississippi, the largest water-ways 

 on the surface of the globe. 



The Indian Ocean rolls between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, 

 washing the eastern shores of Africa, the southern shores of Asia, 

 and the western shores of Australia; whence its western, 

 northern, and eastern boundaries are manifest ; on the south it 

 is bounded by the Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. This ocean 

 contains many islands, the most important of which are Mada- 

 gascar and Ceylon ; and several bays and gulfs, such as the Bay 

 of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Bed Sea or 

 Arabian Gulf, etc. 



The ocean (from the Greek oKtavos, o-ke'-a-nos, the great out- 

 ward sea surrounding the world) means collectively, all the water 

 which surrounds the earth; or, individually, any very large 

 expanse of water. 



The term sea (from Saxon, sae) is used in the same sense, both 

 collectively and individually ; but it is also applied to a smaller 

 portion of water, and is often synonymous with the term gulf, 

 from the Italian golfo, which is a bay, or opening of the sea into 

 the land, either by a wide or a narrow opening. When the 

 mouth of the opening into the land is wide, it is more usually 

 called a lay, from the French baie ; and when narrow, a gulf. 

 When the sea penetrates far and wide into the land, the collection 

 of water is then called an inland sea ; such are the Mediterranean 

 Sea and the Baltic Sea, the one in the south and the other in the 

 north of Europe. 



The Arctic Ocean is the sea that surrounds the north pole, or 

 rather that lies within the Arctic Circle ; its boundaries are not 

 exactly known, that is, it is not yet ascertained how much land 

 lies within this zone, and, consequently, the extent of sea is 

 equally unascertained. Whether Greenland extends to or falls 

 short of the north pole has not yet been discovered ; and the 

 limits of North America have not quite been determined. This 

 sea, besides the greater part of Greenland, contains Nova Zembla, 

 the extreme north of Europe, the Liakhov Islands or New Siberia, 

 and others, and some north of Baffin Bay. The White Sea is 

 on the borders of the Arctic Ocean. The Antarctic Ocean, 

 though considered as being likely to contain more land, is still 

 less known than the Arctic Ocean ; and if both were equally free 

 of land, they would be of the same size within the Arctic and 

 Antarctic Circles. 



Lakes are large or small portions of water wholly surrounded 

 by land ; some of these are so large as to be called seas, such as 

 the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Aral, etc. 



A channel is a narrow passage between two seas, or two parts 

 of the same sea ; as, the English Channel, between the North 

 Sea or German Ocean and the Atlantic. 



As appropriate illustrations to the present lesson on the 



