LESSONS IN GEOMETRY. 



251 



VOICE-ENDINGS, PERSON-ENDINGS, TENSE-ENDINGS, MOOD- 

 ENDINGS, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 



SIVOCLAR NUMBER. 



Act. Pat*. Act. Pat*. Act. Pan. 



1 Pr. 1 Per. 2 Pr. 2 Pr. 3 Pr. 8 Pr. 



Prtftnl Jmlicitiiv. -o -or -is -Cris -it -itur. 



-am -ar -as -aris -at -atur. 



-bam -bur -bas -baris -bat -batur. 



'.. -mm -rer -res -reris -rat -retur. 



Some tenses in the passive voice are formed as in English, by 

 the addition not of an ending, but of another word. Thus, as 

 wo say, / have been loved, so the Latins say, amatus sum. 

 Amatus sum is a form made up of parts of two separate words ; 

 namely, amatus, the passive participle of amo; and sum, the 

 indicative mood, present tense, first person singular of the verb 

 to be. This is, in effect, to declare that the Romans cannot bo 

 said to have a perfect tense of the passive voice. The idea 

 which that tense conveys they express by combining parts of 

 the verb sum with the passive participle. In this way, however, 

 the perfect passive has peculiarities of its own. We subjoin an 

 example of 



ENDINGS OF THE PERFECT TENSE INDICATIVE, ACTIVE AND 



PASSIVE. 



Aativc. Legi, legisK, legtt ; legimu*, legiatw, legrunt, or legeVe. 

 PoMtt>. Lectus sum, lectus , lectus est ; lecti stimus, lecti eat us, lecti sunt. 

 Where observe that, instead of bam, bas, bat, etc., of the im- 

 perfect, you have t, isti, it, etc. Observe, also, that in the 

 parts of the verb, sum, etc., denote the persons; the 

 participle leotus undergoes, however, one change in the plural 

 lectus becomes lecti. Now, if you wanted to put the passive 

 form just given into the subjunctive mood, you have only to sub- 

 stitute the subjunctive sim, sis, sit, etc., for the indicative sum, 

 es, est, etc. Other forms of sum may stand in combination with 

 the past participle, as, lectus eram, I had been read; lectus 

 essem, I might have been read ; lectus ero, I shall have been read. 

 Also the endings of the perfect indicative active change to suit 

 corresponding changes in the meaning; they become, in the 

 singular, erim, eris, erit, and in the plural, erimus, eritis, erint, in 

 the perfect tense subjunctive mood ; and in the pluperfect tense 

 subjunctive, they pass into essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent. 

 There is yet another source of variation in these endings. 

 That source is in the conjugations. There are, you know, four 

 conjugations, or general models for the formation of verbs. All 

 verbs which follow these models are called regular. Such as 

 deviate from those models are called irregular. Confining our- 

 selves, at present, to the regular verbs, we find the endings of 

 the present tense indicative mood active and passive voices vary, 

 as already (Vol. I., pp. 38 and 70) shown. In the next lesson 

 we shall give a general view of the tense and person-endings 

 of the four regular conjugations of the active and passive voices. 

 In order to get the full forms, you must prefix for the first con- 

 jugation am or ama ; doc, or doce, for the second ; leg for the 

 third ; and aud for the fourth. Am is the stem to be prefixed 

 in the present tense ; ama, in the imperfect and future, and 

 amav in the perfect ; as appears in this view of the 



STEMS OF THE CHIEF PARTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



Conj. Present. Imp. and. Put. Infinitive. Perfect. Supine. 



1. am (a)- ama- ama- amav- amat- 



2. doce- doce- doce- docu- doct- 



3. leg- lege- lege- leg (i)- lect- 



4. aud (i)- audie- audi- audiv- aiulit- 

 These chief parts are commonly exhibited thus : 



Conj. 

 1. 

 2. 

 3. 

 4. 



Present. 

 Amo 

 Doceo 

 Lego 

 Audio 



Infinitive. 

 amare 

 0MN 

 legere 



auilir<! 



anuivi 

 docui 

 legt 



Supine. 

 aniatum. 

 doctum. 

 lectum. 



audit urn. 



Now, by comparing these tables together, you may learn that 

 o is the sign of the present tense ; re, of the infinitive mood ; t, 

 of the perfect tense ; and um, of the supine. In other words, 

 by adding o to am, you form the present tense indicative mood 

 first person singular ; by adding 6am to otna, you form the cor- 

 responding imperfect tense ; by adding t to amav, you obtain 

 the perfect tense ; by adding re to ama, you get the infinitive 

 mood ; and finally, by adding him to ama, you make the supine; 

 thus : 



Ton thus see that there a a present tern, an imperfect item, 

 perfect stem, an infinitive stem, and a supine item. Of these, 

 the imperfect and the infinitive are newly the same. Proper) j 

 speaking, the present stem in ama is the name as the imperfect 

 and the infinitive, for the second a i* a part of the root Heaoe 

 amo is a contraction of ama-o. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN. XT. 



(Vol. II., p. 210.) 



EXERCISE 73. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Ood is present in all places. 2. Arm* are of little avail abroad, 

 unless there ia deliberation at home. 3. ThoM are despised, who benefit 

 neither themselves nor another. 4. As the laws preside over tb 

 magistrates, so the magistrates (preside over) the people. 5. Reason 

 and speech unite meii to one another, and in nothing are we farther 

 from the nature of wild beasts. 6. I am joyful ; thon art Had. 7. II 

 you are contented with your lot, you are happy. 8. While we wen 

 in school, our sisters were in the garden. 9. When Charles was at 

 our house yesterday, I was abroad. 10. As long as yon and your 

 brother were at our house, you were joyful, but your brother was sad. 

 11. As long as you were absent, I was sad. 12. Why were you not in 

 school yesterday? 13. Because I was abroad with my fattier. 14. 

 How long have you and your father been absent from home ? 15. We 

 have been absent six months. 16. Why were not oar soldiers present 

 at the fight ? 17. Because they were too far away. 18. Where bad 

 you been yesterday, when I was at your house ? 



EXERCISE 74. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Ego prosuui tibi. 2. Tu prodes mihi. 3. Pueri matribus non 

 prosuut. 4. Cur puelloe patribus non prosunt ? 5. Quum tu aberas, 

 ego eram tristis. 6. Quamdiu pater tuus abfuit ? 7. Carolns pngnsj 

 iuterf uit. 8. Erasne heri domi nostna ? 9. Ero hodie tuae domi. 10. 

 Nisi domi es beatus, non es Isetus foris. 



EXERCISE 75. LATIN-ENGLISH. 

 1. So long as you are (shall be) happy, you will have many friends. 



2. The fight was most frightful, because the soldiers of each army were 

 very brave. 3. We had been in the city before the beginning of the 

 war. 4. There were many great and illustrious orators in the age of 

 Demosthenes, and had been before, nor did they fail afterwards. 5. 

 This thing was not useful to us, but injured (us). 6. If any one is 

 (shall be) endued with virtue, he will always be happy. 7. So long as 

 I am (shall be) contented with my lot, I shall be happy. 8. The action 

 will not be right, unless the will has (shall have) been right. 9. If 

 we have (shall have) been good, the praise of men will not fail. 10. 

 Scholars, be attentive. 11. Let men be mindful of death. 12. Be ye 

 contented with your lot. 13. O my son, be always mindful of the 

 precepts of virtue ! 11. The prudent man not only takes care of the 

 present, but also in mind seeks again the past, and foresees the future 

 from the post. 15. Good men endeavour to be useful to the good. 



EXERCISE 76. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Milites nostri in pugna fortissitui fuerunt. 2. Cur milites nostri 

 fuerunt in pugna fortiores quam vestri. 3. Quamdiu felix eris, non 

 deerunt amici. 4. Miseris amici desunt. 5. Ante belli initium in 

 urbo fueram. 6. Fortes fortibus semper prodorunt. 7. Inimici mihi 

 obsunt. 8. Si eritis virtutis compotes, felices eritis. 9. Quamdiu 

 sorte mea conteutus ero, felix ero. 10. Discipuli, in schola atteuti este ! 



11. Illi student esse fortissimi. 12. Mi fili, f ortis osto. 13. Prudentes 

 futura ex prseteritis provident. 



EXERCISE 77. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. I am not ignorant of what your disposition is toward us. 2. I 

 know what your feeling has always been toward us. 3. I am not ig- 

 norant of what your disposition both was before, and now is, toward 

 us. 4. I was not ignorant of what your feeling was toward us. 5. I 

 know how uncertain are the minds of men. 6. Think how short is 

 life ! 7. Of what kind the mind is, the mind itself knows not. 8. 

 Think how much good examples are useful to us. 9. I am uncertain 

 where my brother is now. 10. I am uncertain where my friend both 

 has been and now is. 11. I am uncertain where you were yesterday. 



12. Tell us (narrate) where you were yesterday. 



EXERCISE 78. ENGLISH-LATIN. 

 1. Narra mihi nbi sis. 2. Narra mihi ubi tui pater et mater sint. 



3. Nescio ubi soror mea sit. 4. Scisne quantum boni puerl suis pa- 

 rentibus prosint t 5. Scio ubi filius sit. 6. Mi fili, nbi es ? 7. Soie- 

 bam nbi filius esset. & Inoertus sum ubi hostes sint. 9. Estne dux 

 nesoius ubi exercitus sit ? 10. Scio qua mento tu in regem sis. 



LESSONS IN GEOMETRY. XXL 



CONIC SECTIONS THE ELLIPSE. 



THE three curves respectively known as the ellipse, the parabola, 

 and the hyperbola, are called conic sections, because they may 

 be displayed by cutting a cone in different directions. Before, 

 however, we explain the directions in which the cone mast be cat 



