262 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



consists of thorny shrubs, date-leaves, and the leaves and 

 branches of the tamarisk. 



Besides its use as a beast of burden the camel affords susten- 

 ance to the Arabs by its flesh and milk, and hair for the manufac- 

 ture of cloth, even now, as in the days when John the Baptist 

 had raiment of camels' hair. In the face of these various facts 

 one can well understand Buff on' s observation that gold and 

 silk are not the real riches of the East, but that the camel is 

 its chief treasure. Indeed, it is so precious to the Arab that he 

 exhibits as much solicitude for its welfare when young as he 

 does for the horse, and from its earliest days it is educated for the 

 work it has to perform when it has arrived at maturity. A few 

 days after birth it is taught by its Arab owner to crouch down 

 to receive a suitable weight, which is put on its back, and this 

 is gradually increased as it grows larger and stronger. It is 

 also trained to do without sleep, and to bear privations such as 

 it will meet with in its future desert experience. It is likewise 

 practised in running and other severe exercises, so that at 

 the end of its course of training it is an animal thoroughly to 

 be relied on. 



The camel is all-important to the life of the Bedouin, for 

 besides its other uses, which we have spoken of, it is, along with 

 his sheep, employed even as a sort of currency ; he pays tribute 

 in camels, gives hostages in camels, and is fined in them, as the 

 following incident, narrated by Buckhardt, will show. Bokhyt 

 and Djolan, two Arabs, quarrelled and fought. Bokhyt called 

 Djolan " a dog," and words 'leading in a very short time to 

 blows, Bokhyt received a blow upon the arm for his insult. 

 Bokhyt then cut Djolan's shoulder with a knife. Thus the 

 judge summed up : 



Bokhyt owes to Djolan : 



For the insulting expression . 

 For wounding him in the shoulder 



Djolan owes to Bokhyt : 



For the blow upon his arm . 



1 sheep. 

 3 camels. 



1 camel. 



There was therefore due to Djolan, as the result of their dispute, 

 two camels and one sheep. 



The camel is grouped, along with hoofed animals like the pig, 

 horse, and ox, in the order Ungulata, this name being derived 

 from the Latin word ungula, a hoof or claw. The order is 

 further subdivided in a manner which is easily understood. If 

 you examine the hoof of a horse it is found to be whole, and in 

 no way divided ; if, on the other hand, the hoof of a pig be 

 examined it will be seen that it is split. One might therefore 

 speak of the horse as a one-toed animal, and of the pig as a 

 two-toed animal, or, to take more comprehensive terms still, we 

 might use the words odd- and even-toed. Ariiodactyla is the 

 naturalist's word for even-toed animals ; and Perissodactyla he 

 employs in the same way for odd-toed. These are the sub- 

 divisions of the Ungulata, which are founded on the nature of 

 the hoof. The camel, with its cloven feet, evidently belongs to 

 the Artiodactyla, along with the pig, hippopotamus, deer, and 

 ox. Of course, there are many families of animals in the Artio- 

 dactyla, and the camel belongs to the one which is called the 

 Oamelidce. It includes not only the camels we have described, 

 but also the humpless llamas, which are to the New World 

 what the camels are to that old continent whence nations are 

 supposed to have first sprung. There are three kinds of llama, 

 the Huanaco, Paca, or Alpaca, and the Vicugna, and with a 

 very short account of these three varieties we must conclude 

 this paper. 



When the Spaniards invaded South America they found the 

 domesticated guanaco, or llama, as useful to the inhabitants as 

 we have seen the camel to be to Oriental nations, for not only 

 was it employed as a beast of burden, but its flesh was used 

 for food, its skin for making leather, and its wool was spun and 

 made into cloth. As a beast of burden it has now been almost 

 superseded by the horse, so that it is seldom used save for 

 crossing the difficult roads of the Cordilleras. It would seem 

 not improbable that the llama has degenerated, for on the plains 

 of South America fossil bones of a kind of llama have been 

 found which fully equalled the camel in size. The llama of the 

 present is not so large as a horse ; has a small and well-set 

 head ; callosities on breast, knees, and hock ; and a coarse, 



hairy coat, varying in colour from white and brown to grey and 

 black. 



The paca and the vicugna, much less in size than the llama, 

 are both remarkable for the fineness of their wool, and various 

 attempts have been made to acclimatise them in Europe. The 

 French have brought up numbers in the Jardin des Plantes, 

 Paris, with the object of introducing them on the Pyrenees. 

 Alps, Cevennes, and the mountains of the Vosges. It has even 

 been suggested that they might be introduced into this country, 

 and naturalised in the mountainous districts of Scotland and 

 Wales. Such an experiment, if carried out successfully, would 

 undoubtedly lead to what would become a continuous source of 

 national wealth. Alpaca, as is well known, has during recent 

 years been much employed as a fabric, and has become a 

 valuable material for manufacturing purposes. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. XXII. 



THE GKEEK ELEMENT GBEEK STEMS. 



THE prefixes and suffixes of which I have treated, are connected 

 with certain roots or stems. So far as these stems are of Saxon, 

 birth, you need little instruction in them ; they belong to your 

 mother tongue, and, in general, are as readily understood by you 

 as the words which denote the members of your body, or the 

 food that you eat. With other stems you are not acquainted. 

 Among the words I gave you for exercise in composition in the 

 last lesson, there are words for the meaning of which you have 

 probably had to resort to a dictionary. Such a word is accessary. 

 Now accessary being made up of the Latin words ad, to, cedo, I 

 go, and the termination anj, would have occasioned you no 

 difficulty had you been familiar with the foreign or exotic stems 

 of our language. In origin those stems are various. Chiefly 

 they are derived from the Latin, as in the word accessary. Some 

 come from the Greek ; others are of different parentage. These 

 must all be separately considered. I begin with an example of 



GREEK STEMS. 



Greek Words. Pronunciation. Meaning. Stems. - English Words. 



ASe\(t>of, a-del'-phos, a brother, adelph, Philadelphia. 



4>/\ov, phil'-os, a friend, loving, phil, philosophy. 



2o0o9 } soph'-os, wise, soph, sophist. 



Now let me explain the process I here intend. Adelphos is 

 found in Philadelphia, but not in its full form. It is found as it 

 appears under " Stems ;" for adelphos, passing into Philadelphia, 

 loses os, and takes ia. By this time you know enough of the 

 changes in language to be aware that these changes in the termi- 

 nations do not affect the root-meaning, or the essential import of 

 the word. Prefixes and suffixes convert verbs into nouns, and 

 adjectives into adverbs; or they may modify the signification; 

 they may even reverse it, but they nevertheless leave the import 

 of the stem still traceable after it has undergone their influence. 

 Philadelphia, then, has clearly something to do with adelphos, 

 a brother. What that something is, you find indicated in the 

 next Greek word and its stem, namely, philos, loving, and phil. 

 Putting the two together, you have Philadelphia, and putting 

 the two meanings together, namely, love and 'brother, you obtain 

 brotherly-love, as the import of the word under consideration. 

 Remembering that Philadelphia is the name of a town in the 

 United States, you are reminded that the name, brotherly-love, 

 was given to it by its founder Penn, as indicative of the spirit 

 with which he dealt with the original inhabitants of that region. 

 Passing on to the next word, philosophy, I find at the beginning 

 of it the same phil of which I have already spoken. But I find, 

 also, sophy. What am I to do with sophy ? First, I know that 

 the y may represent the Greek ia, as is set forth in the remarks 

 on suffixes. Changing the one into the other, I thus get sophia. 

 Now, by referring to the next line in my list of words, I see one 

 which is very like sophia; that is, sophos. I already know 

 enough of the changes which words undergo to find reason for 

 thinking that sophia is connected with sophos in meaning and 

 source as well as in form. The idea is confirmed by my seeing 

 that soph is given as the stem of sophos. Now soph is equiva- 

 lent to our wise ; here love and wise must be put together, and 

 so I learn that philosophy is the love of what is wise, or the 

 love of wisdom. Such being the case, a philosopher must be 

 one who loves wisdom. 



But soph is given as the origin of sophist. Sophist obviously 

 consists of two parts ; the part which is given that is, soph, 



