LESSONS IN DRAWING. 



meaning wise and wf . What is this i*t ? Let me think. Have 



, ? Oh, yes, I remember, iat is a suffix, a Greek 



i. -notes a partisan, one who follows a party in- an 



. ; liko Baptist, one who observes baptism. Sophist, then, 



be one who pursues wisdom, one who is given to wisdom. 



la tho meaning of the word, and snoh is the whole 



luriuiing of tho word as taught by etymology, or tho doctrine 



of tracing out tho root-signification of words. And here you 



have an instance of tho shortcomings of etymology. 



as I have yet gone you see no difference between philosopher 



and sophist, for both are students of wisdom. Yet, if you meet 



with tin- f.v.. in a narrative or a discussion, you find that their 



meanings are different ; at least, a philosopher is spoken of with 



respect, a sophist is spoken of slightingly. 



I have entered into these details in order to show you that 

 history must be taken as an ally to etymology in the study of 

 languages. In the case before us history supplies the lacking 

 information. From history we learn that the sophists wore a 

 set of Greek teachers who, not content to be called philosophers 

 or lovers of wisdom, pretended to be sophoi or wise men, and 

 came to be designated sophistai, sophists, disparagingly. A 

 sophist, then, you thus learn, is a pretender to wisdom ; and as 

 all pretenders are obliged to resort to trickery, so a sophist is 

 one who, by unsound and cunning arguments or delusive 

 appeals, aims, for his own purposes, to produce a false im- 

 pression. Knowing what a sophist is, you easily infer the 

 nii-iining of sophism, or a means by which the sophist works ; 

 and sophistry, his art. Advanced thus far, you have no dif- 

 ficulty with sophistical, nor with sophisticate/. 



Turn your attention for a moment to the English representa- 

 tives given above, and observe generally that in representatives, 

 whether designated English or foreign, I mean the radical parts 

 of tho words, in each case the radical or essential elements of 

 each word. Now, you have above these three combinations of 

 letters namely, adelph, phil, and soph. These throe parts ore 

 the parents of all tho words of which I have just treated, and 

 connected with thorn is all the information I have here set forth. 

 When I have added, that what I have said is only a very small 

 part of what I might have said, you will have some idea of the 

 extent and value of etymological studies. 



The branching of these three stems may be exhibited thus : 

 phil, soph, 



adelph, 



Philadelphia; 



philosophy, 

 philosopher, philosophically ; 





sophist, sophism, sophistry, 

 sophistical, sophistically. 



Do not suppose that I have chosen these three terms because 

 they wore specially prolific. I took adelph because it begins 

 with the first letter of tho alphabet. The other words followed 

 of course. So for from the series being very prolific, one member 

 of it, adelph, gives birth to only one word, and that word is 

 etymologically unproductive. 



My chief object, however, in going into this detail was to lay 

 before you the principle on which the following list of words ia 

 drawn out, and the manner in which you are to study them. If 

 you will faithfully, diligently, and perseveringly study these 

 lists, combining with them the knowledge communicated in 

 previous lessons, you will make rapid progress, and acquire a 

 superior familiarity with the English language in all its 

 elements. 



Having done with this triplet of words, and pursuing the 

 order of the alphabet, I come to other Greek terms found in 

 English : 



GREEK STEMS. 



Greek Words. Pronunciation. Meaning. Stems. English Word*. 



AcflXor, a-eth'-los, a combat, at/iUt, athletic. 



A-yw-yoc, a-go'-gos, a leader, agog, demagogue. 



Ari/jor, de'-mos, t)i people, demo, democracy. 



Kparor, krat'-os, strength, krat (crat), aristocracy. 



Apurror, a-ris'-tos, best, aristo, aristocratic. 



In these lists I do not give the meanings of the English words 

 in the fifth column, lest you should be turned away from tho 

 efforts by which, from the aids furnished, yon ought to be able 

 to gather the significations yourself. When, however, it may 

 appear desirable, I will quote instances from good authors of 

 the employment of tho words, and so you will obtain another 



kind of assistance. The moat effectual teaching ia that which 

 leada persons to teach themselves. 



" David's combat (with Goliath) compared with that of Dioripptu tb 

 Athenian athlete." l>elant\j. 



legislature of the kingdom (of England) ia entrusted to three 

 ilixtinct powers, entirely independent of each other: first, the king; 

 seeouJly, the lords, spiritual and temporal, which ia an aristocratic*! 

 iiMsombly of persons selected for their piety, their birth, their wisdom, 

 .ur, or their property ; aud thirdly, of the House of Commona 

 (the representatives of tho democracy)." Bladuto+i, " Commtmtaritt." 



EXERCISES FOB PARSING. 



Philadelphia (<fu\at\<t>ia) it the word employed by the Apostle 

 Paul in hia Epistle to the Bomans (xii. 10). Philadelphia, as employed 

 by the Apostle to the Oentiles, is rendered in our English version by 

 "brotherly love." A word of the same origin is used by the Apostle 

 Peter, where (1 Pet. iii. 8) he gives the injunction " love as brethren." 

 Sophos (<ro(/>ot) is the Greek term found in that text : " Professing 

 themselves to be wise they became fools." (Bom. i. 22.) The words 

 just cited accurately describe the character of a sophist. A word 

 derived from sophos is the word employed in this question : " Whence 

 hath this man this wisdom?" (Matt. xiii. 54.) Our word atldetic has 

 a word of the same origin in the words, " Ye endured a great Jight 

 (atO\o) of afflictions." (Heb. x. 32.) The Greek demos (inpot) is, in the 

 original, used in the passage, " Tho people gave a shout." (Acts xii. 22.) 

 Kratos (itpaTot) is in the New Testament represented by these English 

 words namely, strength (Luke i. 51), power (Eph. i. 10), and dom**wm 

 (1 Pet. iv. 11). 



EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. 



Words with their proper prepositions to be formed into sentences. 

 Foreign Representative*. 



Adjust to, just, just, right. 



Admonish of, mone, to remind. 



Admission to, into, miss, sent (m union). 



Admit of, mitt (miss), to tend. 



Advantage over, avant, before. 



Advise of, vis, sight, vision. 



Advocate for, voco, to coll. 



Affection for, fici (fac, fee), making. 



Affinity to, fini, an end (final). 



Agree with, to, on, grat, pleasing. 



Agreeable to, grat, pleasing. 



Alienate from, alien, another's (an alien). 



Questions : Where is the difference between to agree with and 

 to agree to ? also between agree to and agree on ? Form illustra- 

 tive sentences. 



Where is the difference between admonish and admonish off 

 Form illustrative sentences. 



Besides working each term in this list into a simple sentence, 

 work into simple sentences words formed from them ; as, 

 admonition, admission, advocacy, agreement, alienation, 

 care to employ the proper prepositions. 



LESSONS IN DRAWING. XX. 



IN drawing the human figure a restricted practice of mere imita- 

 tion cannot be considered, for various reasons, otherwise than t 

 failure. We will briefly consider this, and also include the 

 study of animals, wherein we shall perceive that the amount of 

 knowledge requisite for drawing from animal life is as varied as 

 the subject itself. If we begin with the lowest grade and end 

 with tho highest, we shall find our knowledge of their characters, 

 habits, and physical development must increase in proportion 

 as we ascend tho scale. That feeling for form which is beyond, 

 and independent of, the simple ability of drawing objects of still 

 life only, first shows its influence where life begins ; or, in other 

 words, where life-giving power and will control the action of the 

 body ; and this feeling, stimulated by the knowledge we have 

 said to be necessary, will expand as it ascends to the study of 

 man. The eye must bo prepared to see something beyond the 

 simple line that gives the boundary of the figure. It is trne 

 the line must be imitated, but the question is, how to conduct 

 and regulate the imitation, since it must have an expression 

 according to the infinite variety of circumstances under which 

 it may be placed. For as life is in the body, it is the fact o) 

 its existence that makes all the difference between drawing it, as 

 we would a piece of furniture, or, in consequence of its freedom 

 of action, as the exponent of a motive having its origin in the 

 n-ill. Therefore it must be evident that there is a graduated 

 scale of ability extending throughout the whole range of art, 

 commencing with objects of the simplest and lowest kind, 

 where it may be only necessary to note the positions qf farts 



