266 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



and with a feeling of determination on their part to obtain as 

 great a power of drawing the human figure as is possessed 

 by those who made the copies they are striving to imitate. 



In Figs. 122, 123 we give specimens of the mode in which 

 the anatomical construction of the human figure is to be studied, 

 which we earnestly recommend our pupils to adopt, hoping they 

 will be fully persuaded of the necessity of such a course. In 

 our explanations we do not intend to go through the whole 

 body, but only a small portion of it, as an example of the 

 method we recommend, deeming it quite sufficient for our 

 purpose ; after which we trust all will be able to continue the 

 study for themselves. We advise them to make the whole of 

 the drawing, including the bones and muscles, first with a lead- 

 pencil ; then go over the outline of the bones with black ink, 

 and the muscles with red ; afterwards number the bones, and 

 underneath write out their names. For instance (Fig. 122) : 

 1. The scapula, or shoulder-blade. 2. The humerus, the upper 

 and large bone of the arm. 3. The olecranon, or point of the 

 elbow. 4. The radius. 5. The ulna ; the two last-named bones 

 together form the fore-arm. The ulna and radius and the humerus 

 form the hinge-joint at the elbow. The radius is attached by 

 a ligament outside the elbow-joint ; at the wrist it becomes the 

 base of support for the hand: thus the arm is capable of per- 

 forming a rotatory motion, and so enables us to turn the palm of 

 the hand downward, as in Figs. 124, 125. The muscles may be 

 treated in the same way, as follows : 6. The deltoid, the large 

 muscle that covers the shoulder as it descends the arm ; it 

 arises from part of the clavicula, or collar-bone, and from along 

 the upper edge of the scapula, the shoulder-blade. It is com- 

 posed of several lobes or parcels of flesh, which all join in one 

 tendon, and are inserted into the humerus, about half-way 

 below its head. Its use is to raise the arm from the side, the 

 first motion preparatory to striking. 7. The extensor digitorum 

 arises from the outer protuberance of the humerus, and from the 

 hinder part of the radius and ulna. At the wrist it divides 

 into three tendons, which are inserted into the bones of the first 

 three fingers. Its use, as its name signifies, is to extend the 

 fingers that is, to draw them back in opening the hand. If our 

 pupils will provide themselves with some simple work on the 

 structure of the human form, and do as we have directed them 

 above, they will gain an amount of anatomical knowledge which 

 will create a confidence in drawing the human figure that no 

 other kind of practice could possibly equal. We also advise 

 that the practice for some time should be restricted to outline 

 only, working from good drawings, and from plaster casts 

 especially. We purposely postpone our remarks upon shading 

 for the present. 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. XXXY. 



SECTION LXXVIII- GOVEKNMENT OF VEEBS (continued). 



1. MANY French verbs govern their object by means of pre- 

 positions, while the corresponding English verbs require no 

 preposition before their object. Other French verbs govern 

 their object through prepositions different from those used in 

 English. We give here a few verbs coming under those two 

 classes, commencing with the first : 



2. Verbs which have a preposition before a noun in French, 

 but have none in English : 



Abuser de, to abuse. Manquer a, to offend, S'approcher de, to ap- 



Convenir a, to suit. to fail. proacli. 



De'plaire a, to dis- Me"dire de, to slander. Se m^fier de, to mis 



please. Obe'ir a, to obey. trust. 



De'soWir a, to disobey. Pardonner a, to forgive. Se servir de, to use. 



Douter de, to doubt. Plaire a, to please. Se souvenir de, to re- 



Echapper a, to escape. Bessembler a, to re- member. 



Jouir de, to enjoy. sembl. Survivre a, to survive. 



3. Verbs governing their object through different preposi- 

 tions in the two languages : 



lYliciter de, to con- Eemercier de, to thank Se passer de, to do icitTi- 



gratiilate for. for. out. 



Ge"mir de, to grieve for. Eire de, to laugh at. S'informer de, to inquire 

 Louer de, to praise for. Bougir de, to blus?i at. about. 

 Penser* a, to think of. S'affliger de, to grieve Songer a, to think of. 

 Profiter de, to profit by. for. 



* Penser, meaning to liave an opinion, requires the preposition de : 

 Que pensez-VOUS de lui 1 What is your opinion about him f 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



tf'avez-vous pas abuse" de notre 



patience ? 



tfous en avons abus. 

 Vous avez d^sobe"i j vos parents. 

 Vous pardonnerez a vos ennemis. 

 Vous penserez coiistamment a vos 



devoirs. 



Vous y penserez constamment. 

 S'o ricz-vous pas de nos erreurs ? 

 Jfous n'en rions point. 

 Ne ressemble-t-il pas a son pere ? 



Have you not abused our patience 1 



We have abused it. 



You have disobeyed your parents. 



You will forgive your enemies. 



You will think constantly of your 



duties. 



You will think of them, constantly. 

 Do ijou not laugh at our mistakes ? 

 We do not laugh at them. 

 Does he not resemble his fatlier ? 



EXERCISE 151. 



Arrangement, m. ar- Conduite, f. conduct. Peintre, m. painter. 



rangement. Devoir, in. duty. Procbain, m. neigh- 



irconstance, f . cir- Faute, f . fault. bour. 



cumstance. Malheur, m. mis/or- Sellier, m. saddler. 



Coeur, m. heart. tune. S'iuformer, 1. ref. to 



Complaisance, f. fctnd- Ne plus, no more. inquire. 



ness. Nouvelle, f. news. Succes, m. success. 



1. Get arrangement vous convient-il ? 2. II ne me convient 

 pas, mais il convient a notre parent. 3. Cela ne deplait-il pas 

 au peintre ? 4. Votre conduite lui deplait beaucoup. 5. Ne 

 craignez-vous pas d'abuser de la patience do votre ami ? 6. Je 

 crains d'en abuser. 7. Ne pensez-vous jamais & vos devoirs ? 

 8. J'y pense tous les jours. 9. Avez-vous pense & votre frere 

 aujourd'hui ? 10. J'ai pense a lui, et je me suis souvenu de 

 ses bontes. 11. A-t-il eu soin de son pere, et lui a-t-il obei ? 

 12. II lui obeit constamment. 13. Ne lui a-t-il jamais desobei? 



14. II lui a desobei plusieurs fois, mais il gemit de sa faute. 



15. Ne les remerciez-vous pas de leur complaisance P 16. Je 

 les en remercie de tout mon coaur. 17. Le sellier vous a-t-il 

 felicite de votre succes ? 18. II m'en a felicite. 19. N'avez- 

 vous pas ri de notre malheur ? 20. Nous n'en avons pas ri, 

 nous ne rions jamais des malheurs d'autrui. 21. Ne vous 

 souvenez-voua pas des nouvelles que je vous ai apprises ? 22. 

 Je ne m'en souviens plus. 23. Votre pere ne vous a-t-il pas 

 defendu de medire de votre prochain ? 24. II me 1'a defendu. 



25. Nous nous sommes informes de toutes les circonstances de 

 cette affaire. 



EXERCISE 152. 



1. Have you not abused your friend's kindness ? 2. I have 

 not abused his kindness, I have abused his patience. 3. Does 

 not your conduct displease your parents ? 4. My conduct does 

 not please them. 5. Why have you not obeyed your father ? 

 6. I have obeyed him (lui). 7. Have you not laughed at my 

 mistakes ? 8. I have not laughed at your mistakes. 9. Has 

 the young man laughed at the painter's mistakes ? 10. He 

 has not laughed at his mistakes. 1 1 . Has your saddler laughed 

 at your cousin's misfortunes? 12. He has not laughed at his 

 misfortunes. 13. Do you ever laugh at the misfortunes of 

 others ? 14. We never laugh at our neighbour's misfortunes. 



15. Do you remember the lesson which you learnt yesterday ? 



16. I do not remember it (en). 17. Does that young lady 

 resemble her mother ? 18. She does not resemble her mother. 

 19. Have you thanked your friend for his kindness ? 20. I 

 have thanked him for it. 21. Has your mother forbidden you 

 to read that book? 22. She has forbidden it (me Va). 23. 

 Why do you not forgive your enemies ? 24. I forgive them 

 with all my heart. 25. Do you not think of your duties ? 



26. I think of them (y) every day. 27. Have you congratu- 

 lated your friend ? 28. I have congratulated him on his suc- 

 cess. 29. Have you not slandered those gentlemen ? 30. I 

 never slander my neighbour. 31. Does that house suit you? 

 32. It suits me, but it does not suit my father. 33. Does that 

 house suit the painter ? 34. It suits him very well, but it is 

 too small for me. 



SECTION LXXIX. COMPLEMENT OF ADJECTIVES ( 85). 



1. The complement of an adjective is generally a noun or a 

 verb completing its signification. This complement is usually 

 connected with the adjective by means of a preposition. 



2. That preposition is often different in French from that 

 connecting the corresponding English adjective with its comple- 

 ment. 



3. When an adjective follows the verb etre used imper- 



