268 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



viande et le pain. 33. Becevez-vous vos marchandises a deux heures? 

 34. Nous les recevons a midi et demi. 35. Nous les recevons a une 

 heure moms dix minutes. 



EXEKCISE 41 (Vol. I., page 174). 



1. Where are you going, my friend ? 2. I am going to your 

 father's ; is he at home ? 3. He is this morning. 4. Whence do you 

 come ? 5. We come from your house and from you sister's. 6. 

 Who is at our house ? 7. My neighbour is there to-day. 8. Where 

 do you intend to take these books ? 9. I intend to take them to the 

 house of the physician's son. 10. Are you wrong to remain at home ? 

 11. I am not wrong to remain at home. 12. Has the watchmaker good 

 watches at home? 13. He has no watches at his house, he has some 

 in his warehouse. 14. To whose house do you take your books? 15. 

 I take them to the binder's. 16. Do you go to the Dutch captain's ? 

 17. We do not go to the Dutch captain's, we go to the Kussian 

 major's. 18. Is he at your house or at your brother's ? 19. He lives 

 at our house. 20. Do we not live at your tailor's ? 21. Tou do. 22. 

 Whence does your painter come ? 23. He comes from his partner's 

 house. 24. Where do you take my shoes and my waistcoat ? 25. I 

 am taking your shoes to the shoemaker's and your waistcoat to the 

 tailor's. 



EXERCISE 42 (Vol. I., page 174). 



1. Ou votre ami va-t-il ? 2. II va chez vons ou chez votre frere. 

 3. N'a-t-il pas 1' intention d'aller chez votre associ^ ? 4. II a 1'intention 

 d'y aller, mais il n'a pas le temps aujourd'hui. 5. De quoi avez-vous 

 besoin aujourd'hui? 6. J'ai besoin de mon gilet qui est chez le 

 tailleur. 7. Vos habits sont-ils chez le peintre ? 8. Us n'y sont pas, 

 ils sont chez le tailleur. 9. Oil demeurez-vous, mon ami? 10. Je 

 demeure chez votre belle-soeur. 11. Monsieur votre pere est-il a 

 la maison ? 12. Non, Monsieur, il n'y est pas. 13. Ou votre domes- 

 tique porte-t-il le hois ? 14. II le porte chez le capitaine russe. 15. 

 Le monsieur qui est avec Monsieur votre pere, demeure-t-il chez 

 lui? 16. Non, Monsieur, il demeure chez moi. 17. A-t-il tort de 

 demeurer chez vous ? 18. Non, Monsieur, il a raison de demeurer chez 

 rnoi. 19. D'ou le charpentier vient-il? 20. II vient de chez son 

 associe. 21. A-t-il deux associes? 22. Non, Monsieur, il n'en a 

 qu'un, qui demeure ici. 23. Avez-vous le temps d'aller chez nous ce 

 matin ? 24. Nous avons le temps d'y aller. 25. Nous avons 1'inten- 

 tion d'y aller et de parler a Mademoiselle votre soeur. 26. Est-elle 

 chez vous ? 27. Elle est chez elle. 28. Avez-vous du pain, du beurre 

 et du fromage a la inaison ? 29. Nous y avons du pain et du beurre. 

 30. Nous n'y avons pas de fromage, nous n'aimons pas le fromage. 31. 

 Votre montre est-elle chez 1'horloger ? 32. Elle y est. 33. Avez-vous 

 deux inontres d'or? 34. Je n'ai qu'une montre d'or. 35. Qui a 

 1'intention d'aller chez mon pere ce matin ? 36. Persoune n'a 1'inten- 

 tion d'y aller. 



EXEECISE 43 (Vol. I., page 175). 



1. Where am I going? 2. You are going to the hatter's. 3. Am I 

 going to the bank ? 4. You are going to the bank and to the concert. 

 5. Do I cut your wood ? 6. You cut neither my wood nor my coat. 

 7. Do I wear a green hat ? 8. You do not wear a green hat, you wear 

 a black one. 9. Is your scholar going anywhere ? 10. He is going to 

 church, to school, and to market. 11. Is he not going to the hair- 

 dresser's ? 12. He is going nowhere. 13. Do you not wear red 

 leather boots ? 14. I wear black leather ones. 15. Do you not go to the 

 banker's ? 16. I do not go to his house, he is absent since yesterday. 

 17. Is he coming to the bank this morning ? 18. He intends to come 

 if he has time. 19. Has he a wish to go to the concert ? 20. He has 

 a great wish to go, but he has no ticket. 21. Do you live in this 

 village ? 22. Yes, Sir, I do. 23. Do you send this note to the post- 

 office ? 24. I send it to its address. 



LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. XXII. 



EUROPE. 



Position on the Earth's Surface. The continent of Europe 

 forms the north-western part of the Old World, or great triple 

 continent in the eastern hemisphere, and lies wholly within 

 the northern hemisphere, to the north-east, east, and south-east 

 of the British Isles. It is situated almost wholly within the 

 north temperate zone, with the exception of some of the 

 extreme northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia, which 

 lie within the north frigid zone. The small map of the world 

 on the plane of the horizon of London (see page 197) will show 

 how favourably Europe is situated for commercial relations 

 with the rest of the world, as it lies almost in the centre of the 

 hemisphere which contains the greatest part of the land on the 

 earth's surface, and is thus conveniently placed for carrying on 

 an active export and import trade with all other parts of the 

 globe. 



Boundaries. Europe is bounded on the north by the Arctic 



Ocean; on the south, by the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of 

 Marmora, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azof, and the chain of 

 Mount Caucasus ; on the east by Asia, which is separated from 

 it by the chain of the Ural or Oural Mountains, the river 

 Ural, and the Caspian Sea; and on the west by the North 

 Atlantic Ocean. 



Extent, Length, Breadth, etc. This continent extends from 

 lat. 36 2' N. to lat. 71 10' N., and from long. 9 32' W. to 

 long. 68 E. Its greatest length, from Cape St. Vincent, in 

 Portugal, to the north-eastern extremity of Eussia in Europe, 

 is about 3,500 miles ; while its greatest breadth in a straight 

 line from North Cape, in Norway, to Cape Matapan, the 

 southern extremity of Greece, is about 2,450 miles. The most 

 northerly point of Europe is usually considered to be the North 

 Cape, in lat. 71 10' N. and long. 26 1' E. ; the most southerly 

 point is Tarifa Point, near Gibraltar, in lat; 36 6'N. and long. 

 5 21' W. ; the most easterly point is the head of Kara Bay, 

 the southernmost extremity of the Kara Sea, which lies to the 

 south of Nova Zembla, very nearly in lat. 68 N., long. 68 E. ; 

 and the most westerly point is Cape Boca, near Lisbon, in lat. 

 38 47' N. and long. 9 31' W. 



The surface of the land in Europe contains, according to the 

 latest estimate, more than 3| millions of square miles, or more 

 exactly 3,812,200 square miles ; and its population is upwards 

 of 280,000,000, or more exactly 283,000,000. This number, 

 however, must be taken only as an approximation, on account 

 of the constant increase, day by day, owing to the excess of 

 the births over the deaths in every 1,000 of the population. 

 Hence, there are in this continent on an average about 73 

 inhabitants to every square mile ; but as Russia in Europe is 

 reckoned to contain above two millions of square miles, or more 

 than half of the continent, and to have a population of about 

 64 millions, or less than one-fourth of that of the whole con- 

 tinent, it follows that in Russia there are on an average about 

 30 inhabitants to every square mile, and in the rest of the con- 

 tinent on an average about 122 inhabitants to every square 

 mile. 



The surface of the inland seas belonging to Europe is esti- 

 mated at nearly 1| millions of square miles, or more accu- 

 rately at 1,370,000 square miles, distributed in the following 

 proportions : The White Sea, in the North of Russia, 45.000 ; 

 the Baltic, lying between Sweden and Russia, having Germany 

 on the south, and Denmark at its entrance, 135,000; the Mediter- 

 ranean Sea, lying south of Europe, 870,000 ; the Black Sea, south 

 of Russia, 180,000 ; and the Caspian Sea, or Great Inland Lake, 

 140,000. The part of the Atlantic Ocean which flows between 

 Great Britain and the continent, is called the German Ocean or 

 North Sea ; its passage on the south is called the English 

 Channel, and at the narrowest part the Strait of Dover, which 

 is about 20 miles across, and is reckoned 200 feet at its greatest 

 depth. The entrance to the Baltic, or East Sea, is by a channel 

 of which the part between Norway and Denmark is called the 

 Skager-Rack, and the part between Sweden and Denmark the 

 Cattegat. In the latter part there are three straits called the 

 Sound, between Sweden and the Danish island of Zealand, 

 about 2| miles wide ; the Great Belt, between Zealand and 

 Fiinen, about 8 miles wide; and the Little Belt, between Fiinen 

 and the peninsula of Jutland, or Continental Denmark, about 

 three-quarters of a mile wide. In the northern part of the 

 Baltic are the Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga. On the 

 west of France and north of Spain, lies a part of the Atlantic 

 called the Bay of Biscay. South of Spain, between Europe and 

 Africa, lies the entrance to the Mediterranean, called the Strait 

 of Gibraltar, which is about 13 miles broad in the narrowest 

 part, and about 1,000 feet deep. 



The length of the Mediterranean is estimated to be about 

 2,300 miles, and its greatest depth upwards of 6,000 feet, or 

 more than a mile and a furlong. Its waters are more salt than 

 those of the Atlantic, from which a strong current runs con- 

 tinually into the former. The tides in the Mediterranean, owing 

 to its narrow entrance, are very small, and in many places the 

 ebb and flow are scarcely perceptible. The Gulf of Venice, 

 or the Adriatic Sea, is an arm of the Mediterranean which lies 

 east of Italy and south of the Austrian dominions; and the 

 Archipelago (anciently the JCgean Sea), another arm between 

 Greece and Asia Minor, studded with islands famous in ancient 

 history. The waters of the Archipelago communicate with 

 those of the Sea of Marmora (anciently the Propontis) through 



