270 



THE POPULAB EDUCATOR. 



a narrow channel or strait called the Dardanelles (anciently 

 the Hellespont), about half a mile in width at its narrowest 

 part ; those of the Sea of Marmora with those of the Black 

 Sea (anciently the Euxine Sea) by the Strait of Constantinople 

 (anciently the Thracian Bosphorus), which is still narrower than 

 the former ; and those of the Black Sea with those of the Sea 

 of Azof or Azov (anciently the Paulus Masotis, theMcaotianFen), 

 by the Strait of Tenikale (anciently the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 

 i.e., the Cimmerian Ox-Ford), about a mile and a half wide. 

 The eastern part of the Mediterranean adjoining Turkey in Asia 

 is called the Levant (from the French, levant, " rising "), because 

 to the inhabitants along the northern and southern shores of the 

 Great Sea the sun appears to rise in that quarter of the horizon. 

 The waters of the Caspian Sea or Lake are not superficially 

 (that is, on the surface of the land) connected with those of the 

 Mediterranean, being separated from them by the Caucasian 

 chain of mountains. Owing to the indentation of the continent 

 of Europe by seas, bays, and gulfs, it has a greater line of sea- 

 coast, in proportion to its size, than any other continent on the 

 face of the globe; and lying almost wholly within the north 

 temperate zone, it is better adapted for the health, convenience, 

 and commercial intercourse of its inhabitants. Hence its 

 superiority in point of power, intelligence, and wealth to all the 

 other continents. The total length of its sea-coast is estimated 

 at about 17,000 miles, or rather more than two-thirds the cir- 

 cumference of the globe. 



In the north of Europe there are only two peninsulas worthy 

 of particular notice, namely, the Great Scandinavian Peninsula, 

 which includes Sweden and Norway, and lies between the 

 Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ; and the Peninsula 

 of Jutland, which includes Continental Denmark, and lies 

 between the Cattegat and the North Sea. It is joined to the 

 continent by the Isthmus of Schleswig or Slesvig, which is 

 about 25 miles wide. In the south of Europe there are three 

 peninsulas of great importance in history, namely, the Iberian 

 or Spanish Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal, which 

 lies between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and is sepa- 

 rated from the rest of Europe by the mountain chain of the 

 Pyrenees stretching from the Bay of Biscay to the Gulf of 

 Lions ; and Greece (anciently the Peloponnesus, the Island of 

 Pelops), sometimes called the Morea, which is joined to the 

 mainland called Hellas (anciently Achaia) by the Isthmus of 

 Corinth, this isthmus being only about four miles wide at the 

 narrowest part. To these peninsulas may be added the Crimea, 

 which is the most southern part of Russia, and which is joined 

 to the mainland by the Isthmus of Perecop, a neck of land only 

 about five miles wide at the narrowest part. 



SUMMARY or BOUNDARIES. 

 NORTH. Arctic Oceau. 

 SOUTH. The Mediterranean Sea, 



the Sea of Marmora, the Black 



Sea, and the Caucasus Bange. 

 EAST. The Ural Mountains, Ural 



Eiver, and Caspian Sea. 

 WEST. The North Atlantic Ocean. 



SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL SEAS 

 AND GULFS. 



Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, N. 

 of Mediterranean. 



Archipelago, N.E. of Mediter- 

 ranean. 



Baltic Sea, N. of Germany. 



Biscay, Bay of, W. of France. 



Black Sea, E. of Turkey. 



Bothnia, Gulf of, Baltic. 



Caspian Sea, S. of Eussia. 



Cattegat, North Sea. 



English Channel, S. of England. 



Finland, Gulf of, Baltic. 



Genoa, Gulf of, S. of Piedmont. 



Irish Sea, Isle of Man. 



Kara Sea, N. of Eussia. 



Levant, E. of Mediterranean. 



North Sea, or German Ocean, E. 

 of Britain. 



Sea of Azof, S. of Eussia. 



Sea of Marmora, S. of Turkey. 



Skager-Eack, North Sea. 



Taranto, Gulf of, S. of Italy. 



White Sea, N. of Eussia. 

 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL STRAIT?. 



Bonifacio, Strait of, S. of Corsica. 



Bosphorus, or Strait of Constanti- 

 nople, N.E. Sea of Marmora. 



Dardanelles, or Hellespont, S.W. 

 Sea of Marmora. 



Dover, Strait of, English Channel. 



Gibraltar, Strait of, Mediterranean. 



Great Belt, Baltic. 



Little Belt, Baltic. 



Messina, Strait of, E. of Sicily. 



North Channel, N. of Ireland. 



Otranto, S. Adriatic. 



Sound, Baltic. 



St. George's Channel, Irish Sea. 



Yenikale, or Kerteh, N.E. Black 



Sea. 



SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL PENIN- 

 SULAS. 



Crimea Eussia. 



Iberia Spain and Portugal. 



Italy New Kingdom of Italy, 

 Papal States. 



Jutland Denmark. 



Morea Greece. 



Scandinavia Sweden and Norway. 



SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ISTHMUSES. 



Corinth, N.E. of Morea. 

 Perecop, N. of Crimea. 

 Schleswig, S. of Jutland. 



LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. XXXI. 



SHOET METHODS OF SEDUCTION WITH EEFEEENCE TO 



MONEY. 



WE proceed to explain two or three artifices which are often of 

 considerable use. 



9. To find out hoiv much a Given Sum per Day amounts to in 

 a Year. 



There are 240 pence in a pound, and 360 = 240 + 120, or 

 240 + 2| . all< j therefore one penny per day amounts to one 

 pound and half a pound in 360 days. 



Hence, to find how much a given sum per day amounts to in 

 360 days, we have only to reduce the sum to pence, and add half 

 the number of pence to the result. This will give the number 

 of pounds to which the sum will amount in 360 days. To find 

 the amount in one year (365 days), we must add 5 times the 

 sum per day to the pounds found by the first part of the process. 



Thus 6d. a day is 9 2s. 6d. a year ; 



For 6d. + 3d. = 9d., and therefore 6d. a day amounts to 9 in 360 days, 

 and therefore to 9 2s. 6d. in 365 days. 



Observe that since a penny (after half of the number of pence 

 has been added) corresponds to a pound for 360 days, a half- 

 penny corresponds to 10s., and a farthing to 5s. 



Thus 7d. a day will amount to 10 10s. in 360 days, 

 and therefore to 10 12s. lid. in 365 days. 



For 7d. + (1 * 7d.) = 10 Jd., which corresponds to 10 10s. for the 

 360 days. Adding 5 x 7d., or 2s. lid., we get 10 12s. lid. 

 for a year. 



EXAMPLE. Again, to find how much 2s. 6^d. a day amounts 

 to in a year. 



2s. 6d*. = 30-Jd. 

 SOJd. + J(30Jd.) = 45fd., 



and hence in 360 days 2s. 6Jd. amounts to 45 15s., 

 and therefore, in 365 days, to 45 15s. + 5 (2s. 6d.), or to 46 7s. 8-Jd. 



10. To reduce a Given Sum of Money to the Decimal of a Pound. 



Is. = & = ^5. = -05. 



Hence, to reduce any number of shillings to the decimal of a 

 pound, multiply the number by 5, and cut off two decimal places. 



Thus 23 shillings are 1-15 of a pound. 



17 -85 



Again, by calculation, we find that a farthing is '0010416 

 of a pound. Now the difference between this decimal and '001 

 is -0000416, or very nearly "0000417 ; and '001 . J^. Hence, 

 as far as 3 decimal places are concerned, we may consider one 

 farthing to be i^th part of a pound ; and therefore, in reducing 

 any sum below a certain amount to the decimal of a pound, we 

 need only reduce it to farthings, and mark off 3 decimal places. 



Thus 3|d. = 15 farthings, and it is therefore '015 of a pound 



correctly to three decimal places. 



It is evident that when the number of farthings reaches a 

 certain amount, the product of this number by '0000417, which 

 we neglect, will affect the 3rd decimal place. We will determine 

 the point at which this takes place. 



Now (-001 + '0000417) 23 = '023 + -0009591 = '023 to three 



decimal places. 

 But (-001 + 0000417) 24 = '624 x -0010008 ='025 to three decimal places. 



Hence, for sums of 24 farthings and upwards, we must add 

 one to the number of farthings, and then cut off 3 decimal places 

 as before. This we may do until the number of farthings is 

 large enough to cause more than one to be carried to the 3rd 

 place of decimals. 



Thus 7|d. = 31 farthings ; and therefore, when reduced to 

 the decimal of a pound, it is, correctly to 3 places, -032. 



Now 47 (-0000417) = -0019599, -which still only adds 1 in 

 the 3rd decimal place; and therefore, as far as 48 farthings 

 (one shilling), the above rule holds. 



As soon as a shilling is reached, we find the decimal of a 

 pound by the rule first given. 



EXAMPLE. Eeduce 13s. 8|d. to the decimal of a pound. 



13s. = '65 of a pound. 



8*d. = 36 farthings = -037 correctly to 3 places. 

 Hence 13s. 8|jd.= '687 correctly to 3 places. 



EXERCISE 50. 



Find how much the following sums per day amount to in a 

 year : 



