LESSONS IN LATIN. 



273 



From tho atom of tho infinitive in a, f-, i, and in tho third 



from the consonantal atem with tho connecting 



. that is, from ama, doce, leyc, and autii are formed 



imperfect subjunctive, active and passive. 



2. Tho imperative, active and passive. 



infinitive passive. 



Accordingly, we have 



fl. Amo-rtm. Ama-w. 



Ama--<2. Amu. Arna-re. 



(3. Amii-rt. 



Again, from tho stem of the perfect active that is, from 

 amav, d<><-". /. : /, and audiv are formed 



1. The perfect subjunctive active. 



3. The pluperfect indicative and subjunctive active. 



3. The second future. 



4. Tho infinitive perfect active. 



Accordingly, we have 



Anmv-erim. 



Amav-ram. Amav-wwm. 



Amav-ero. 



Amav-i0M. 



4. Finally, from the stem of the supine in um that is, from 

 amat, doct, led, audit are formed 

 1. The supine in u. 

 3. Tho passive past participle. 

 3. The participle future active. 



Accordingly, we have 



II. Amat-u. 

 Amat- 1 2. Aimit- us. 

 (3. Amat-urus. 



I have here confined myself to amo and its parts for the sake 

 of simplicity. It will be a good exercise for you to draw out 

 the forms of the three other conjugations according to these 

 examples. 



The forms of tho verb not mentioned above are made by com- 

 bination with the participles and parts of the verb esse, to be. 

 Thus the perfect, pluperfect, and second future passive are 

 formed by joining to the perfect passive participle sum, sim, 

 eram, essem, ero, or fuero; for example, amatus sum, amatus 

 essem, amatus ero, etc. Tho infinitive future active is formed 

 by adding esse to tho participle future active, as amaturum esse. 

 The infinitive future passive is formed by joining vri with the 

 participle perfect passive, as amatum in. 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE TENSE-ENDINGS, INDICATIVE AND 

 SUBJUNCTIVE, OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 

 ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 



Tenses. Indicative. Subjunctive. Indicative. Suljunctive. 



Pres. -o. 1, -em; 2, 3, 4, -am. -or. 1,-er; 2,3, 4,-or. 



Imperf. -bam. -rem. -bar. -rer. 



Future. 1, 2, -bo ; 1, 2, -bor ; 3, 4, -or. 



3, 4, -am. 



Perfect, -i. -erim. -us sum. -us sim. 



Pluperf. -eram. -issem. -us eram. -us essem. 



2nd Fut. -ero. -ns ero or fuero. 



I next lay before you a tabular view of the 

 PERSON-ENDINGS, INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE, OF ALL 



THE TENSES. 

 Persons. ACCTV1. 



-o, or-m (-em, -am) . Perf . Ind. 



(1. -o,( 

 ing. V2. -s. 



(3. -t. 



(I. -mns. 

 lit. < 2. -tie. 



(.3. -nt. 



-i. 

 -sti. 



-t, 



-tnus, 

 -atis. 



PASSIVE. 



r(<w-er,-ar). 

 ris, -re. 

 tur. 

 -mur. 

 -mini. 



-truntor-fre. -ntur. 



If you take from the first person of any tense tho termina- 

 tions o, i, r, and where or appears the syllable or, then you get 

 the tense-stem, which appears in all tho other persons of the 

 tense. This you may see exemplified in the ensuing 



TENSE-STEMS. 

 Amo-amao ) 

 Amor-amaorf ama - I>rMent - 

 Amabam) 

 Amabar j ' 

 Amabo ) 



Amabor r mab> Fw(ttr - 

 Amavi, amav, Perfect Indicative. 

 Amaverom, amavera, Pluperfect Indicative. 



Amavcriui, anwveri, Perfect Sutyiwutow. 

 Amavitteui, amavliwe, Pluperfect flutywicMM. 

 Aiimvero, amaver, Second Vuivrt. 



So it is with tho three other conjugations. To these items are 

 added tho consonantal person-endings juut given. If the 

 stem ends in a vowel (except u), the person-endings are 

 without any connecting vowel ; for example 



Stem*. 



PASSIVE. 



Pfnon-endtug*. 

 ) -ris, ted simular. 



A;:... - 



Ame- 



A::..:.- - 



-tor, 3rd singular, 

 -mar, 1st plural. 



mini, 2nd 

 iitur, 3rd 



In tho third person plural indicative active and passive the 

 connecting vowel u is found after i and u, as audi(u)itt, audi- 

 (u)ntur, so acu(n)nt. 



In the future active and passive of tho third and fourth con- 

 jugations the tense-stem, as in tho subjunctive present, ends in 

 am, ar; as 



Legam, Active. Audiam, Active. 



Legar, Passive. Audiar, Pauivt. 



But the a of the first person is changed into e in the rest ; as 



m } 

 s V 



tj 



Docu(i) 



Docu(i)stL 

 Docn(i)t 



Acu (ulnt. 



But if the tense-stem ends in a consonant or in u, yon must 

 employ a connecting vowel ; as shown thus : 



I" Amab i; mus. Leg(i)mus. 

 require i, e.g. < Amab(i)s. Leg(i)a. 



(Ainab(i)t. Leg(i)t. 



r require e. Amab(e)ris. Leg(5)ris, Present. 



n u. Amab(u)nt. Leg(u)nt. 



The course of instruction through which yon have now gone 

 will require constant repetition. When you have made yourself 

 master of the forms which ensue, by imprinting them on your 

 memory, you will do well to go over and over again these in- 

 structions. With diligence combined with observation, yon 

 will then make yourself familiar with the Latin verb, not as a 

 mere matter of rote, but understanding^ ; knowing well how 

 the parts are formed one from the other, and how they are all 

 connected with the common stem. I advise you, however, to 

 question yourself very narrowly, and again and again, before 

 you attempt to pass to the conjugation-forms which I am about 

 to supply you with, though you will do well to refer to these 

 forms for aid in understanding my remarks, and seeing their 

 application. 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE TENSE AND PERSON-ENDINGS OT AT.T. 



FOUR CONJUGATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 



Indicative Mood. 



1. 



Sing. Am-o 

 -is 



-at 



Plu. Am-ninus 

 atis 

 -int 



