LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. 



vrefiold, and tho Kiolon ranges, of which tho highest point 

 is Bkigwlowtrnden, in the southern range, about 8,670 foot 

 above Mi.- lev.-! i>f tho sea ; and tho Uralian or Ouralian chain, 



;.ii'_r t' r..:ii tho shores of tho Arctic Ocean to boyon<l the 

 source of tho Ural r: 

 which fulls into tho Ca*- 



'n. iiui'lary lie- 

 Kurope and A-ia. 

 Tho soiith-i ii-ti'i-n Injlt- 

 iropo are the 

 : tin of moun- 

 "tw vn theCaspian 

 ul tho Black Sea, of 

 which tho highest peak 

 is .Mount Klburz, about 

 18,500 feet above the level 

 of tho sea, and tho high- 

 rvt mountain in Europe. 

 Tho southern hljl' 

 Europe consist of tho Bal- 

 kan (anciently Hcmits) 

 Mountains in Turkey, tho 

 - 1 points being about 

 10,000 feet above tho 

 sea level ; the Eastern 

 Alps (Gorman, moun- 

 tains), stretching from 

 tho Balkan range to the 

 commencement of the 

 Western Alps, north of 

 tho Adriatic, of which tho 

 highest summits arc Mont 

 Blanc and Mont Rosa, 

 each more than 15,000 

 foot above tho level of tho 

 sea, and which border 

 Switzerland on the south, 

 and Italy on tho north; 

 the Carpathian Mountains in tho north of Hungary and Tran- 

 sylvania; tho Hercynian Mountains, in Germany; the Cevennes 

 and the Vosgee, in Franco ; the Pyrenees, between France and 

 Spain, of which tho highest points or peaks are Mont Perdu 

 and Maladctta, each 

 more than 11,000 feet 

 high ; the Cerro Mulha- 

 cen, tho highest point of 

 the Sierra Nevada, in 

 Spain, 11,633 feet above 

 the level of tho sea; 

 and Etna, tho Sicilian 

 volcano, which is nearly 

 of tho pamo elevation 

 as tho Pyrcnean peaks, 

 being 10,874 feet 

 height. 



The principal rivers in 

 Europe are the follow- 

 ing :--Tho Volga, which 

 rises in the Valdai Hills, 

 in Russia, runs a course 

 through that country of 

 about 2,400 miles, and 

 falls into tho Caspian Sea 

 at Astrakhan, where it? 

 delta (or land enclosed by 

 its mouths in tho shape 

 of tho Greek letter A, or 

 delta) is about fourteen 

 miles wide. The Ural, 

 which rises in tho 

 Ural Mountains, runs a 

 course of about 1,800 

 miles, and falls into 

 the Caspian Sea ; the Don, which, after a course of nearly 

 1,000 miles, falls into the Sea of Azof, at tho town of Azof ; 

 the Dnieper, which, after a course of a little more than 1,200 

 miles, falls into the Black Sea at Kherson; the Dniester, 



which flows from tho Carpathian Mountain*, and, after 

 course of 500 miles, falls into the MUD* sea at Akmnan ; tho 

 Danube, which has its source in the Black Forest (Schwarz- 

 wald), flows through Bavaria, Austria, and Bulgaria, and, after a 



coarse of nearly 1,800 

 miles, f alls into the Black 

 Sea at Ismail ; the **"* 

 and the Rhone, which both 

 spring from the Swiss 

 Alps, take opposite 

 courses, the former run- 

 ning through the Lake of 

 Constance, after a north* 

 era course of about 600 

 miles through Germany, 

 France, and the Nether- 

 lands, falls into the Ger- 

 man Ocean, after losing 

 itself in the Waal, the 

 Maese or Meuse.tho Leek, 

 and the Old Rhine, and 

 forming the great delta of 

 Holland between Rotter- 

 dam and Amsterdam ; the 

 latter running through 

 the Lake of Geneva, after 

 a southern course of about 

 645 miles through France, 

 falls into the Mediterra- 

 nean Sea at the Gulf of 

 Lions, where it also forms 

 a delta; the Arno and 

 the Tiber, on the west 

 of Italy, fall into the 

 Tuscan Sea ; and the Po 

 and the Adige, on the east 

 of Italy, fall into the 

 Adriatic ; the Xucar and 

 the Ebro, of Spain, fall 

 into the Mediterranean ; the Douro and the Tagus, of Portugal, 

 with the Guadalquivir of Spain, fall into the Atlantic; the 

 Dwina and the Onega, of Russia, fall into the White Sea ; the 

 Vistula and the Oder, of Germany, fall into the Baltic Sea; 



and the Elbe, of the 

 same country, into the 

 German Ocean, at Ham- 

 burg. 



The chief laktt of 

 Europe are the follow- 

 ing : In the north, La- 

 doga and Onega, in Rus- 

 sia, the largest in Europe, 

 the former being 130 

 miles long and 70 miles 

 broad, the hitter smaller ; 

 Peipus and Ilmen, in the 

 same country, very con- 

 siderably less (the last- 

 named is connected with 

 Lake Ladoga and the 

 river Volga by means of 

 canals, and thus a line of 

 communication is formed 

 between the Baltic and 

 the Caspian Seas) ; the 

 Lakes Wener, Wetter, 

 and Malar, in Sweden, 

 with the river Gotha, 

 which form a line of 

 communication between 

 the middle of the Baltic 

 Sea and its entrance. In 

 the south of Europe the 

 lakes of Constance, Lu- 

 cerne, and Geneva, in Switzerland ; and of Maggiore, Lugano, 

 and Como, in Italy, are all remarkable for the beauty of their 

 scenery. Tho following table contains some useful particulars 

 relating to tho lakes of Europe. 



