COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



indicative mood prevent tense? what the Latin signP what u 

 the Latin sign of the sub. pluperf . ? what the English sign of 

 the same P So go through all the parts. 



,,.i you understand what I mean by these signs. Your 

 understanding of them is the moro important, because they 

 pertain not merely to tho verb amu, or to tho first conjugation, 

 but to all tho verbs ; and because, when you are perfect in your 

 knowledge of them as just given, you will easily put Latin into 



.1 and English into Latin. On account of this import- 

 ance, I will subjoin a few explanations. 



These signs, then, might bo called a set of equivalents, and 

 I might have indicated them after this manner : 



-i have, 



bo = will, 



-erim may have. 



These signs or equivalents are, yon see, without any verb. 

 They are so given because they ore applicable to all verbs. 

 Thus to -i you prefix the stem amav, and make amavi ; so to 

 have you add I and loved, and make tho corresponding English, 

 that is, the English equivalent of amavi namely, I have loved. 



In some instances tho English sign is arbitrary, or the best 

 we can get ; in the ind. prea. love is chosen as tho E. 8. (English 

 sign) for tho wont of a better. Scarcely less arbitrary is the 

 E. S. of the imp. namely, did. 



These departures from exact correspondence, precision, and 

 uniformity are certainly drawbacks ; but notwithstanding these 

 drawbacks, great aid may be derived from a careful and sys- 

 tematic attention to the system here set forth. 



I have said that these signs are applicable to all verbs. If 

 so, they need not be repeated. And in general the statement 

 is correct. You will, however, bear in mind what you have 

 previously learnt as to the tense-endings, and the mood-endings ; 

 and then you will remember that instead of -bo, -am (es, etc.) is 

 the ending, and as the ending so the sign of the first future of 

 the third and the fourth conjugations. One or two other 

 deviations will occur to you. 



MOODS, TENSES, ETC., of AMO, I love. 

 PRESENT TENSE. 



Indicative. Subjunctive. Imperative. Itrfvnitive. Parttct'pU. 



Sing. Amo. Ame-m. Amd-rc. Ama-ns. 



Ama-s. Auit'-j>. Ama or amd-fu. 



Ama-t. Ame-t. Amd-to. 



Flu. Amd-mtu. Auw-mus. 



Amu-fix. Amt-tis. Amd-tc or nma- 



Ama-nt. Amc-nf. Ama-nto. [fot. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



Sing. Amd-bam. Amd-rent. 



Amd-bas. Amd-res. 



Am d- belt. Amd-ref. 



PIu. Ama-btimuc. Ama-rtmus. 



Ama-bdtu. Ama-rtis. 



Ama-bant. Ama-re>if. 



FUTURE TENSE. 

 Sing. Amd-bo. 



Amd-bis. 



Amd-bit. 

 Flu. Amd-bimus. 



Amd-bitis. 



Ama-buni. 



PERFECT TBVSE. 



Sing. Amd-tf. Amd-(ve)rim. 



Amd-(m)ti.* Amd-(ve)m. 



Amd-mt. Amd-(re)ri. 



Flu. Amu-rim as. Ama-(ve)rtmu. 



Amu-(ot)stis. Ania-(re)rt(is. 



Ama- (vl) runt. Amd(v)rinf. 



PLUPERFECT TKHSE. 



ftong. Am4-(i!e)ram. Ama-(vt)<Mtn. 



Amu-(rc)ra. Ama-(vi)*M. 



Amd-(c)rat. Ama-(vi)M(. 

 Flu. Ama-(t>e)rdmiu.Ama-(tri)m0mu. 



Ama-(v)rdtw. Ama-(vi)ntu. 



Am-(t>)rant. Ama-(tK)nen(. 



Ama-turum. 



[SM. Ama-turue 



Ama-(w') 



Sing. Am<I-(t))ro. 



Amd-()ris. 



Amd-(vyrit. 

 Plu. Amd-(c)rimu4. 



Am<!-(r)rUis. 



SECOND FU1VRE TENSE. 



* Ama(m)<rt;', pronounced amarteti, as one 

 word ; the rt is put in brackets to denote that it 

 may, by syncopation (shorten 1119), bo omitted. 



Norn. Amo-n4. 



Dat. Anw-ndo. 



Aoc. Ama-iulwm. 



Abl. Ama-ndo. 



EXAMPLES. Like this model, conjugal* laudo, I, I 

 euro, 1, / take care o/; vooo, 1, I call. 



Compare together tho 2 Fut. with the Sub. Perf. Too will 

 find that tho endings are the same, except in the first ptfwn, 

 which in the former is -ro, in the latter -rim. In other word*, 

 tho Latin language has no distinctive form beyond the first 

 person for one or tho other of these tense*. A distinction i> 

 attempted with tho aid of tho accent or the quantity. Thorn, 

 tho first person plural of the second future is pronounced long, 

 as omaverimus, while the first person plural of the subjunc- 

 tive perfect is pronounced short, as amaverimus; and oonse 

 quently you find tho sign oi the long vowel over the i in the 

 former tense, and tho sign of tho short vowel over the i in the 

 latter tense, showing that although the words are spelt alike, 

 they are not pronounced in tho same way. 



There ia a difference between the first future, amabo, and 

 the future formed with the aid of the future participle, thus, 

 amaturus sum. Amabo means I will or shall love, simply indi- 

 cating a future act, without determining when, or the precis* 

 point in the future when the act will take place. Amaturus 

 sum signifies I am about to love, that is, I shall shortly love; 

 intimating that the action signified in the verb is near at hand* 

 and in the immediate future. 



Of tho first future there is properly no subjunctive tense; 

 the import, however, is expressed by combination, thus, amaturus 

 eim (sis, sit, etc.), I may be about to love; amaturus essem, I 

 might be about to love. The second future also is without a 

 subjunctive mood. 



EXERCISES. Form according to the model now given, thai 

 is, write them out in full, with all the parts in both Latin and 

 English, these verbs laudo, 1, I praise; vigilo, 1, I tcofcfc; 

 compare, 1, I procure. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. IX. 



EOTATOEIA MYEIAPODA. 



PERHAPS it is better to notice at this stage a class of animals 

 whose relations to other classes are difficult to express. As 

 we have before stated that it is quite impossible to place the 

 whole array of animals in a single - 

 line according to their grades of 

 structure, the reader will not bo sur- 

 prised that we have to break off in 

 the midst of the description of a de- 

 finite and well-sustained series of ani- 

 mals to treat of a class which cannot 

 well be inserted into that series. The 

 class referred to is called Rotatoria. 

 The animals which compose it are 

 decidedly inferior in complexity of 

 structure to the animals we shall have 

 to describe as coming in the next 

 order to the Annelids, and in many 

 respects also inferior to the Anne- 

 lids themselves, and yei they lead 

 up to a class of animals called Crus- 

 tacea, which are as decidedly of a 

 higher type than tho worms. In 

 many respects, these are also superior 

 to the Myriapoda, which directly suc- 

 ceed to the worms, and of which wo 

 shall write in the subsequent part of 

 this lesson. The difficulties under 

 which a constructor of a system of 

 classification labours may bo best il- 

 lustrated by the annexed diagram, in 

 which the lines branching upward 

 from the single stem marked Protozoa, 

 represent the relations of the divisions 

 of the animal kingdom to one another. 

 These relations are so complicated, and 

 have occasioned so much diversity of 

 opinion among naturalists, that it would be presumptuous t 

 assume that the diagram give* tha relations exactly as ther 



