320 



THE POPULAE EDUOATOB. 



to be of Roman origin, as they only appear in the later periods base is that part of the column which is beneath the shaft and 

 of Greek architecture, and they are much more numerous in i upon the pedestal, when a pedestal is used. It has a plinth, a 

 the Roman monuments. Vitruvius calls them parastatce, from member of a flat and square form like a brick, called in Greek 

 the Greek irapa. (par'a), near or by, and IffTri/jLi (his-tee'-mi), I \ irXivOos (plin'-thos), with mouldings that represent rings, with 



stand, because of their standing close to a building, or forming 

 part of it. The Greeks, though they did use pilasters in their 

 designs, had a kind of square pillars at the end of their walls, 

 which they called antce, and which sometimes projected a good 

 way from the principal front. They were also at the entrances 

 lo a building. 



Attics were a sort of low square pillars with their cornices, 

 which originated in Athens, and were used in buildings to con- 

 ceal the roof. These were ranged in a continued line, and 



which the bottoms of pillars were bound, to prevent their 

 cleaving. These rings, when large, are called tori, and when 

 small, astragals. The tori have generally hollow spaces cut 

 round between each torus. This hollow is called a rundel, 

 scotia, or trochilus. 



The shaft of the column is the round and even part extending 

 from the base to the capital. This part of the column ia 

 narrower at the top than at the bottom. Some architects 

 would give the column a greater breadth at the third part of 



Eoman attics are seen in 



OVOLO. 



raised above the rest of the structure, in front of the roof, so i its height than at the bottom of the shaft. There is no 

 as to hide it entirely, presenting a new order, as it were, above instance of this being practised among the ancients. Others 

 that of the building. The Greek attics are not now to be ; make the shaft a cylinder from the bottom to the third part of 

 found among the ruins of Athens, 

 the remains 

 of the trium- 

 phal arches, 

 and in the 

 piazza of 

 Nerva. In the 

 arch of Con- 

 stantino, the 

 columns are 

 -surmounted 

 with pedes- 

 tals, as high 

 as the base 

 of the attic, 

 upon which 

 .are placed iso- 

 lated statues. 

 There are 

 various other 

 .ancient ruins 

 which exhibit 

 "these attics, 

 but they ap- 

 pear to be of 

 different pro- 

 portions, some 

 feeing nearly 

 one -half of 

 the height of 

 the order. 

 The moderns 

 make the 

 height of the 

 attics equal 

 to that of the 

 entablature. 



A series of 

 columns, se- 

 parate or con- 

 nected, used 



in the support of an entablature, is called a colonnade. It re- 

 ceives a specific name from the number of columns employed ; as, 

 tetrastyle, when there are four, from the Greek nrpa (tet'-ra), 

 four, and errvAos (sty'los), a column ; hexastyle, when there are 

 .six ; octostyle, when eight ; and decastyle, when ten. The 

 space between the columns is called the intercolumniation. 

 There are five kinds of intercolumniation namely, the areo- 

 .style, or thinly set, where the columns are at the distance 

 of four diameters of the column ; the diastyle, when they 

 are at the distance of three diameters ; the eustyle, when at 

 a distance of two and a quarter ; the systyle, when at two ; 

 and the pycnostyle, or thickly set, when at one diameter and 

 a half. Of these, the eustyle was most generally used by 

 the ancient architects. Other names have been given to the 

 intercolumniation of the Doric order, according to the number 

 of the triglyphs placed over them, as monotriglyph, when there 

 was one; ditriglyph, when there were two, etc. Coupled, 

 grouped, or clustered columns appear not to have been used by 

 the ancients, with some apparent exceptions at Rome. 



Every column, except the Doric, to which the Romans give 

 no base, is composed of a base, a shaft, and a capital. The 



its height, and thus lessen it from this to the top ; and some 



consider that 



FILLET. C^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^S, ifc . ' should be - 

 CTMATIUM. ^^ - gin to lessen 



FILLET. iT^ V5:>sVV^^V.^V^^.MU^;j^^V^ from the bot- 



COEONi U^a^a^^ torn. The 



capital is the 

 upper part of 

 the column 

 immediately 

 above the 

 shaft. 



The entab- 

 lature is the 

 part of the 

 order above 

 the columns, 

 and is com- 

 posed of three 

 parts: (1) the 

 architrave or 

 lower part ; 

 (2) the frieze 

 or middle 

 part ; and (3) 

 the cornice or 

 upper part. 

 The archi- 

 trave repre- 

 sents a beam, 

 and lies im- 

 mediately 

 above the 

 capitals of the 

 columns : the 

 Greeks called 

 it epistylion. 

 The word ar- 

 chitrave is de- 

 rived partly 

 from the 



Greek, and partly from the Latin, being compounded of the 

 Greek apxos (ar'kos), chief or principal, and the Latin trabs, a 

 beam. The frieze is the space between the architrave and the 

 cornice. The cornice is composed of several mouldings, which 



COMPOSITE. 



EOMAN ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. 



project over each other and shelter the order from the rain. 



The pedestal is cubical in form, and consists of three parts : 

 (1) the base or foot, whioh stands on the area or pavement ; (2) 

 the die or middle part, which rests upon the base ; and (3) the 

 cornice or wave, upon which the column is placed. Pedestals 

 appear to have been introduced into architecture after the loss 

 of political independence in Greece. In the early examples of 

 Greek architecture, the columns are generally formed standing 

 on the uppermost of two or three steps. When the Romans 

 elevated the floors of their temples, they were obliged to discon- 

 tinue the erection of front stairs, because they occupied so much 

 ground around the building, and to adopt the pedestal raised 

 to a level with the top of the stairs, and projecting to the front 

 of the steps which profiled it on all sides. Vitruvius makes no 

 mention of pedestals, in treating of the Doric, Tuscan, and 

 Corinthian orders ; and in treating of the Ionic, speaks of the 

 pedestal as a part of the construction, but not of the order. 



