LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP. 



m 



LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP. XXXIII. 



QKEMAN HAM )\V Kill NO. 



present lesson in Penmanship we set before oar readers 



i-xsimpK-: of th : irge and small letters of the German written 

 ..!|.!i.i'.i-t on a larger scale than that in which are written the 

 <>us of German handwriting given in oar Lessons in 

 <i.Tiiuin, Vol. I., page 37. 



In learning these written characters, it will be useful to 



that m in tho leading letter of the small alphabet, 



which is written, for the most part, in the angular style usually 



adopted by ladies in our own country, and therefore called 



or Angular Hand. Taking one leg of the m, which 



we shall call the elementary leg, we find that it consists of a 



black middle-stroke, drawn in a slanting direction from right 



to left, and two hair-strokes, one at the upper end of the thick 



the second hair-stroke in a larger loop than uosJ, and termi- 

 nating it below the line like a j ; we hare no letter like it 

 The letter q IM like g with this difference, that it is pointed 

 below the line, and the hair-stroke is brought op from this 

 point to the right instead of to the left. The letter r U rery 

 peculiar, and unlike any of ours. It oonswU first of an ele- 

 mentary leg ; but tho second hair-stroke, instead of being brought 

 up, is looped at the bottom contrary to the usual way, and then 

 brought up and made to terminate in an elementary leg to the 

 right, of half the usual size. The letter ft is very much like 

 tho letter f, with this difference, that it is booked above the 

 line like a shepherd's crook, instead of being looped ; while the 

 elementary leg, instead of crossing it in the middle, is placed 

 entirely to the left at this point. Another 8, which is also shown 

 in the examples of the small letters given below, is made by 

 forming a loop at bottom from right to left, and terminating in a 



I. GERMAN HANDWRITING. CAPITALS. 



stroke, slanting downwards to the left, and the other at the 

 lower end of the stroke, slanting upwards to the right. If you 

 make the last hair-atroke curved instead of straight when you 

 bring it up, and add a small turn or loop at the top, you have 

 then made an o. If now, as soon as you have made the loop 

 of the o, you draw downwards from the very short hair-stroke 

 of tho loop another black stroke, and then turn a hair-stroke 

 upwards to the right, you have at last made an a. You make 

 a b by adding to the O a large top-loop, as we do in making our 

 own written b. You have learned to make c already, as it is 

 the leg of the m already described. If you take this same 

 elementary leg, and carry up its second hair-stroke, as we do 

 in one form of our written d, making this hair-stroke end in a 

 loop or circlet at top, you have tho letter d. complete. 

 The letter e is peculiar ; it is formed of the elementary leg 



hair-stroke above the line, with a hook from left to right, some- 

 what like our written figure 6 made from the bottom to the top, 

 or contrary to the usual way. The letter t is made in the form 

 generally used for this letter in small-hand, terminating at the 

 bottom in a straight, square stroke, instead of being turned 

 upwards with a hair-stroke to the right. It is crossed by a 

 curved stroke from left to right The letter u is exactly like 

 the letter n, with a circlet or curve over it for the sake of dis- 

 tinction. 



The letter v is another peculiarly-formed letter. The first 

 part of it is exactly like the letter r, but it terminates in a 

 round black stroke curved towards the right, or hollow towards 

 the first part of the letter, and giving it somewhat the appear- 

 ance of an inverted a. Prefix to the letter V the elementary 

 leg so often mentioned, and you have the letter w. The letter 



n. GERMAN HANDWRITING. SMALL LETTERS. 



without the Second hair-stroke, to which is joined a shorter ele- 

 mentary leg by a hair- stroke drawn from the former very near tho 

 top of the black stroke. The letter f is very like our own written 

 f ; and is made by a long hair-stroke, looped above the line, and 

 terminating below it in a long, straight stroke; the letter is 

 completed by crossing it in tho middle by the elementary leg of 

 tho m, made diagonally downwards from left to right, instead 

 of from right to left. To make tho letter g, first moke an o, 

 and then from the short hair-stroke of the loop draw a hair- 

 stroke downwards, making it terminate below the line like our 

 own written g. The letter h. is exactly like the long s used 

 in writing by ourselves ; it seems to have consisted of the ele- 

 mentary leg with a loop of hair-stroke above and another below. 

 Tho letter i consists of the elementary leg with a dot above it ; 

 if you forget tho dot, it will be taken for a C- The letter j is 

 that part added to o which makes it a g, with a dot above it. 

 Tho letter k. is so like our own that it con hardly be mistaken, 

 but it has no loop at the top. The letter 1 is just the letter b 

 without tho small final loop. The letter m. has been described ; 

 tho letter n consists of two legs of the letter m ; the letter o 

 has also been described. 

 Tho letter p is formed of the elementary leg by turning round 



47 N.E. 



TL is formed like the letter p, with this difference, that tho part 

 below the line is turned to tho right instead of to the left, and 

 terminates in a small scroll. The letter y is like the letter V 

 with its curve to the right extended below the line, and its hair- 

 stroke brought up like a j. The last letter, z, is very like oar 

 own manuscript z, and consists of the elementary leg rounded, 

 and the second hair-stroke replaced by a curved part below the 

 line, like the letter j. The double consonants given in the 

 examples of letters in Vol. I., page 37, and which it is needless 

 to repeat here in our illustrations, are so manifestly formed of 

 the simple letters which enter into their composition, that it is 

 unnecessary to make this lesson any longer by describing them. 

 It may just be observed that double 8 is a combination of the 

 two different forms of 8 above described ; that the double f is 

 like the double a without the elementary leg behind it, and 

 with a dash or flourish across it ; and that in combination 8 is 

 written on the line, instead of below it, and in form resembling 

 our manuscript capital letter B. 



In the German handwriting, as regards the capital letter*, 

 there are three elementary legs, so to speak, from which all the 

 letters may be formed. The/rsl is the initial leg of the capital 

 letter M, which 'A not like any of our manuscript capitals, bnt 



