382 



THE POPULAB EDUCATOR 



LESSONS IN LATIN. XXY. 



ON PARSING. 



IN the following Latin exercises ascertain, write down, and 

 imprint on your memory the parts of the several verbs that is, 

 the mood, tense, person, and number together with the exact 

 English meaning; at the same time tell the person, tense, 

 and mood endings, as well as give the stems. This you should 

 do very completely with each lesson in succession. You 

 thus make a commencement in what is called parsing, that 

 is, telling or assigning the parts (in Latin, pars, a part). 

 Parsing applies to nouns and adjectives, as well as to verbs, 

 indeed, to all parts of speech; it is also concerned with 

 syntax, or the combination of words into sentences ; so that 

 you cannot parse your lessons completely until they are ter- 

 minated. But you have now advanced far enough to begin 

 parsing, and would 'be rewarded if every day, before yon 

 attempt a new lesson, you were to take " a back lesson," and 

 parse it carefully ; that is, go over again from the first what 

 you have done with the strictest regard to the forms and 

 rules. 



I will give you an example of what I mean by parsing : 



Let us take the short Latin sentence 



Tullia patrem amat. 



The first thing I have to do is to construe it, or put it into 

 corresponding English words. On looking at it I see that 

 Tullia is in the nominative case. Consequently, Tullia is the 

 subject, and with it I must begin. But patrem comes next : 

 am I to take patrem in the second place ? This I cannot do ; 

 for patrem is in the accusative case, and consequently must 

 be dependent on some verb. The verb is there. Amat then, 

 comes after Tullia. Putting the two together, I have Tullia 

 amat, Tullia loves. What does Tullia love? Patrem, her 

 father. The whole then is, Tullia loves her father. Here you 

 see a departure in the English from the Latin idiom. With 

 such deviations you should familiarise your mind by constant 

 and careful observation. The departure here is this, that to 

 make good or idiomatic English, I am obliged to add the pro- 

 noun her, " lier father," there being in the Latin no word cor- 

 responding to Jier. Do not hence suppose that it would be 

 bad Latin to say " Tullia amat patrem suum," her father ; but 

 it is not customary to employ the pronoun in such cases, except 

 it is wanted for the sake of emphasis. 



Having translated the sentence, I must now parse it. I 

 shall take each word in its grammatical order. 



Tullia, Tullice, a noun feminine of the first declension, nomi- 

 native case, the subject to the verb amat. 



The stem is Tulli (thus Tullia, genitive Tulli, the SB of 

 the genitive being removed, Tulli remains as the stem). 



After giving the parts and relations of a noun as above, 

 you should " go through " or decline the noun. So with all 

 nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. 



Amat, from amo, is a verb transitive of the first conjugation, 

 indicative mood, present tense, third person singular, agreeing 

 with its subject Tullia, according to the rule, " a subject must 

 agree with its verb in number and person." The four chief 

 parts of amo are amo, amavi, amatum, amare. The stem of 

 amo is am, the stem of the present tense is ama, the person- 

 endings are -o, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant. Amao is contracted 

 into amo. Then go through the tense uniting the stem with 

 the person-endings. You would act wisely if, in addition, you 

 made amat the subject of inquiry ; thus, what would amat be 

 in the subjunctive mood ? In the passive voice ? In the sub- 

 junctive passive ? By what change is amat made plural ? 

 What is the corresponding second person singular ? Plural ? 

 What does amat become in the future tense ? In the plu- 

 perfect indicative ? Go through the imperfect of amo. Give 

 the perfect subjunctive first person singular ; third person 

 plural. 



These things may seem minute and troublesome to you: 

 they would, however, be required by any good teacher; and 

 attention to them is, I assure you, requisite to make a sound 

 scholar; it is also requisite for that mental discipline which 

 the study of language may give, and which, in its perfect form, 

 is of very high value. 



Another word remains -patrem; patrem from pater, patris, 

 a parisyllabic noun, of the masculine gender, the third declen- 



sion, consonantal stem pair, in the singular number, accusative 

 case, being the object of the transitive verb amat, by which 

 it is governed, according to the rule, "transitive verbs require 

 their object to be in the accusative case." 



Observe, that in thus setting before you a specimen of 

 parsing, I have given you two rules in Syntax ; thus 



1. A subject must agree with its verb in number and person. 



2. Transitive verbs require their object to be in the accusa- 

 tive case. 



Of these rules you will forthwith have need to make constant 

 application. Commit them to memory, and repeat them by 

 heart whenever applied. A verbal and exact repetition of them, 

 and of all rules, is desirable at first ; afterwards, I wish that 

 you should give the substance rather than the words of a rule, 

 for if you express its substance you show that you understand 

 its import. 



VOCABULARY. 



Compare, 1, I get to- j 



gether, acquire. 

 Emigre, 1, 1 go out, quit 



(E. B. emigration). 

 Flo, 1, I blow. 

 Ingens, ingentis, very 



great. 



Interitus, -Us, m., ruin. 

 Intro, 1, 1 go into, enter 



(E. E. entrance). 

 Jam, adv., already. 

 Judlco, 1, 1 judge. 



Latro, 1, I lark. 

 Libero, 1, I set free 



(E. R. liberation). 

 Narratio, -onis.f ., anar- 



rative. 



NumSro, 1, I number. 

 Nuper, adv., lately. 

 Observe, 1, I7ceepunder 



my eye, observe. 

 Occttpo, 1, I fall upon, 



take possession of (E. 



E. occupation). 



Placidus, -a, -urn, pla- 

 cid, tranquil. 



Terror, -oris.m., terror. 



Timor, -oris, m., fear 

 (E. E. timid) . 



Vehdmens, vehemen- 

 tis, iieTtewient, very 

 strong. 



Ventus, -i, m., wind. 



Vigilo, 1, I watch, keep 

 awake, guard (E. E. 

 vigilant). 



EXERCISE 81. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Ego te laudabam. 2. Tu me vituperabas. 3. Frater judic&bat. 

 4. Ego te laudabo. 5. Tu me vituperabis. 6. Frater judicabit. 7. Ego 

 ambulavi. 8. Tu vigilavisti. 9. Ventus flavit. 10. Ego ambula- 

 veram. 11. Tu vigilaveras. 12. Ventus flaverat. 13. Ego te laudavero. 

 14. Tu me vituperaveris. 15. Frater judicaverit. 16. Quum milites 

 urbem intrabant, omnes cives timoris pleni erant. ly. Quum in silva 

 ambulabamus, vehemens ventus per altas quercus flabat, dum vos pla- 

 cidus sornnus recreabat. 18. Vos vigilabatis. 19. Quamdiu eris felix, 

 multos numerabis amicos. 20. Bonos semper laudabo, improbos sem- 

 per vituperabo. 21. Si acriter pugnabitis, O milites, patriam interitu 

 liberabitis. 22. Si virtutem amabis, omnes boni te amabunt. 



Remark that sometimes an abbrevation takes place in tho 

 perfect tense, and the tenses formed from the perfect tense. 

 Thus, instead of saying in full, vigilavisti, as above, the 

 Latins shortened the word into vigilasti, leaving out the vi. 

 This process is called syncopation, and verbs thus contracted 

 (drawn together) are said to be syncopated. Other synco- 

 pated forms ensue ; as laudasti for laudavisti ; amasti for 

 amavisti ; amasse for amavisse : also in other conjugations, as 

 complesti for complevisti; audieram for audiveram; audierunt 

 for audiverunt. 



I here resume the exercises, ih which instances of syncopation 

 will be found. 



EXERCISE 82. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Quia semper virtutis praecepta observastis (for observavistis) 

 magnam vobis laudem comparastis. 2. Cur per totam noctem vigi- 

 lasti ? 3. Praeceptores meos semper amavi, nonne amasti tuos ? 

 4. Acriter contra hostes pugnastis. 5. Quum milites urbem intra- 

 verant, ingens terror omnium civium animos occupabat. 6. Narratio 

 quam mini nuper narraveras, vehementer me delectaverat. 7. Quum 

 exercitus hostilis urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus. 8. Si 

 animum virtutibus ornaveris (ornaris) semper beatus eris. 9. Quum 

 hostes urbis nostrae agros devastaverint, urbem ipsam oppugnabunt. 



EXERCISE 83. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. We praised thee. 2. Thou didst blame me. 3. The father was 

 judging. 4. Thou wilt praise me. 5. He will praise thee. 6. The 

 father will judge us. 7. Thou hast walked (syncopated form). 8. I 

 have watched. 9. The winds blew. 10. I will walk abroad. 11. Thou 

 art watching. 12. The wind was blowing. 13. The soldiers will 

 enter the city. 14. The soldiers were entering the city. 15. The 

 soldiers are entering the city. 16. The soldiers have entered the 

 city. 17. The soldiers had entered the city. 18. A very strong 

 wind blows through the house. 19. Dost thou number many soldiers? 

 20. I have numbered many friends. 21. He has liberated (set free) 

 his country from ruin. 22. Hast thou watched all night ? 23. Love 

 thy preceptors. 24. Let them love their parents. 25. O boys, love 

 virtue. 26. The narrative delighted my brother. 27. The narrative 

 delights the girls. 28. The narrative will delight father and mother. 

 29. Thou hast acquired fame by the narrative of the ruin. 



