18 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR 



ally interrupted by deep cisterns in which the water was 

 allowed to settle and deposit its sediment. This water, so 

 carefully managed, was remarkable for its coolness and salu- 

 brity, and its clear green colour. The Aqua Tepula, built 

 126 B.C., and Aqua Julia, constructed by Agrippa, 34 B.C., 

 were aqueducts which brought water to the city by two con- 

 duits passing one above and one under the channel of the same 

 aqueduct just described. Sixthly, came the Aqua Virgo, also 

 constructed by Agrippa, who lived under the Emperor Augustus, 

 who laboured to improve and beautify Eome, and who, ac- 

 cording to Pliny, constructed in one year 70 pools, 105 foun- 

 tains, and 130 reservoirs. This aqueduct commenced in a 

 very copious spring, which rose in the midst of a marsh about 

 14 miles from the city ; it ran circuitously a distance of about 

 18 miles, and in its course passed through a tunnel four- fifths of 

 a mile long. The Aqua Alsietina, now called the Aqua Paola, 

 was built by Augustus to bring water to the Naumachia, a sheet 

 of water formed by the same emperor for the representation of 

 sea-fights. The eighth aqueduct was the Aqua Claudia, which 

 was begun by Caligula and finished by Claudius, 51 A.D. It 

 took its rise 30 miles from Eome, forming a subterranean stream 

 3Q1 miles long, and running 102 miles along the surface of the 

 ground. This aqueduct was vaulted for the space of 3 miles, 

 and supported on arcades for the space of 7 miles, being car- 

 ried along such a high level as to be able to supply all the hilla 

 of ancient Eome. It was built of hewn stone, and the ruins 

 furnished the materials for the Aqua Felice, a modern water- 

 course built by Pope Sixtus V. The Anio Novus or New Anio, 

 and its branch the Aqua Trajana, were built at a later date, 

 with the Aqua Antoniana and some others. The Anio Novus 

 was 62 miles long, and with the Aqua Claudia doubled the 

 quantity of water hitherto supplied to Eome by the older 

 aqueducts. 



It was in the reign of the Emperor Augustus, who greatly 

 extended the aqueducts of Eome, that the practice of tunnelling 

 was commenced ; and other emperors, who followed him, earned 

 out the same important department of engineering. The 

 Emperor Trajan particularly exerted himself in the improve- 

 ment of these aqueducts. Such works were executed in a bold 

 and original manner ; nothing could damp the skill and enter- 

 prise of the Eoman architects. They drained lakes, excavated 

 mines in. the mountains, and elevated valleys by rows of accu- 

 mulated arcades. The water of the aqueducts was kept cool 

 by covering it with vaults ; and they were often so spacious 

 that, according to Procopius, they admitted of a man riding 

 through them on horseback. The supply of water in Eome 

 from these wonderful erections was indeed so abundant, that 

 Strabo says whole rivers of water flowed through the streets of 

 Eome. Pliny justly considered these aqueducts as the wonder 

 of the world, for their grandeur, extent, and utility ; and it 

 seems very surprising to us, when we contemplate the high 

 pitch to which civil engineering and architecture have risen 

 among ourselves, that we have no such splendid aqueducts to 

 supply our modern cities, such as London, with water. Accord- 

 ing to the enumeration of Frontinus, the nine earlier aqueducts 

 of Eome delivered every day about 173,000,000 of our im- 

 perial gallons ; and it is supposed that, when all the aqueducts 

 together were in operation, upwards of 310,000,000 of imperial 

 gallons of water were supplied to the ancient city. Now, 

 reckoning the population of Eome to have been 1,000,000, 

 which it probably never exceeded, no less than 300 gallons 

 of water were allowed for the daily use of each inhabitant. 

 "Barely, indeed, have cities, either ancient or modern, supplied 

 their inhabitants with such quantities. According to the calcu- 

 lations of Prony, the French engineer, three aqueducts, the 

 Aqua Felice, Juliana, and Paulina, with some additional 

 sources, supply modern Eome with 33,000,000 of imperial gallons 

 of water in 24 hours. This, divided among a supposed popula- 

 tion of 150,000, gives about 220 imperial gallons of water for 

 each inhabitant, being about one-third less than that which 

 was furnished to the inhabitants when the city was the mistress 

 of the nations, and at the height of her ancient splendour. 

 We believe that London is at present far more plentifully 

 supplied with water than even ancient Eome was, in propor- 

 tion to her population, and at the period of her greatest 

 prosperity ; but we very much doubt whether the quality of 

 the water supplied to the former would bear comparison with 

 that supplied to the latter. It seems to us, indeed, that unless 



the same method be adopted to bring water into London that 

 was done in ancient Eome namely, by aqueducts to conduct 

 it from pure sources at a great distance, and at a very con- 

 siderable elevation the great desideratum of a constant and 

 sufficient supply of pure water to the metropolis will never be 

 obtained. 



Aqueducts constructed for the purpose of irrigation, or for 

 the supply of towns with water, often require architectural and 

 engineering works as difficult and as important in their con- 

 struction as canals for inland navigation, or railways for in- 

 ternal communication. Specimens of Eoman architecture in 

 these departments were given in our last lesson. Many are 

 to be found in France. The aqueduct which supplies Nismes 

 with water is of this description. Such also is the celebrated 

 Pont du Gard, which is still in good preservation. As a specimen 

 of modern skill, in that country, may be named the canal which 

 brings the waters of the Durance down from the Pont de Per- 

 tius, and conveys them to Marseilles after a passage of about 

 60 miles, of which nearly 11 are under ground. This canal or 

 aqueduct passes across several deep valleys, over splendid 

 aqueducts, such as the Jancourelle, the Valbonette, and the 

 Valmousse. But the most remarkable specimen of modern 

 canal architecture, of any that now exists, is the aqueduct of 

 Eoquefavour on the same canal. This wonderful structure is 

 about 266 feet above the bottom of the valley over which it is 

 built. It is composed of three rows of arches placed one above 

 another, and is about 1,312 feet long. The beauty alone of 

 this construction is not the most striking feature. The sim- 

 plicity and elegance of the methods employed in its erection 

 are especially worthy of admiration. We should like to see the 

 skill of modern English architects and engineers employed in 

 bringing the waters of some vast reservoir collected on some 

 lofty eminence at a distance from the metropolis. Such water, 

 filtered previous to transmission, and carried by simple gravita- 

 tion along some splendid aqueduct, would pour into London a 

 river of pure water, and render the office of the Sanitary Com- 

 missioners almost a sinecure. 



LESSONS IN LATIN. XXVII. 



EEGULAK VERBS. -THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

 PASSIVE VOICE. 



EXAMPLE. Moneor, 2, J am reminded. 

 Chief Parts : Moneor, inonltus sum, moneri. Characteristic letter, E long, 



PRESENT TENSE. 



Indicative, Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participl* 



Sing. MCnfor. Monear. [etor. Monm. 



Moncris. Monedris. Monere or mon- 



Monetur. Moneatur. Monetor. 



Phi. Moncmur. Moncamur. 



Moncwiini. Moneamtni. Monemini. 



Monentur. Moneantur. Monentor. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



Sing. Monebar. Monerer. 



Monebdris(e). MonerCris. 



Monebatur. Moneretur. 



Pitt. Monebamur. Moneremw. 



Moncbamini. Moncremint. 



Monebantw. Monercntur. 



FIEST FUTURE TENSE. 



Sing. Monebor. MonMttm Moiwndtt* 



MonebJris(e). -[in- 



Monebitur. 

 Plu. Monebimur. 



Monebimini. 



Monebuntur. 



PERFECT TENSE. 



Sing. Monttus sum. Monitus sim. Monitum Monitus 



Monitus es. Monitus sis. [ease. 



Monitus est. Monitus sit. 



Plu. Moniti sumus. Moniti sinius. 



MoBtti estis. Moniti sitis. 



Moniti sunt. Moniti smt. 



PLUPERFECT TEKSE. 



Sing. Monitus eram. Monitus essem. 



Monitus eras. Monitus esses. 



Monitus erat. Monituo esset. 

 Plu. Moniti eramus.Montliessemus. 



Moniti eratis. Momti essetis. 



Moniti erant. Moniti essent. 



