56 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



that runs forsaken in the street. 13. If the prince were grieved 

 for the people, he would govern differently. 14. But the people will 

 still reward him for it, and then not spare him. 15. It would be 

 indeed worth while to travel to California. 1C. I should like to spare 

 these clothes, if I had others. 17. I wish to die no other death than 

 the death of decrepitude. 18. Do not forget my words. 19. Forget 

 the pains that have been endured, but forget not the pleasures enjoyed. 

 20. If the princes could, they would spare neither the liberty nor any 

 one right of their people. 



EXERCISE 89 (Vol. II., page 27). 



1. @te Fflegte ifyveS JGatcrS in fcincm 2Utct unb pffccjte mic$, fca id) ta 

 Stcmnftcfccr fyatte. 2. Sr fpottcte meiner, unb bemerfte nictyt, nne He 

 SKcnfctycn iiOet tljn fpirttcten. 3. Jj?at er mein efcfoenf angcnommen? 4. 

 Slcin, er faijte mir, er kfcurfe ticjcS cfrf;cufcS nidjt. 5. rwft^ncn ie 

 nid)t fciner ute. 6. >et Scorer barf fcct Sftactyldfjtgfeit unb Unnxifyrfycit 

 fciner chiller nidjt fdjoncn, fontern map fie ftvcnge vcnucifcn, n>enn er jeiu 

 Wafyrnimmt. 7. flkrojejit nicfjt tie roarnente Stimme eurcr 6ltern. 8. 

 ebenfe ke abbat^S. 9. 2Bcr fann einem 2)Jenfcb.en glauben, fcer itfcct 

 allc fpottelt, unb fccr SebermannS fpottct ? 10. 2Ctr eroavtcteit mit <3eb,n* 

 fuctyt bte 2lnfunft unfercr greunke. 11. 2Dcnn tu bcinc gcljlcr bercucft, tann 

 toevbe id) mid) tctncr mit greufcen erinnern. 12. cimffcnl;afte Seute Ijaltcn 

 Icine eitetn 9leben, nocfi. bruften fte ftcb. mit (Siijcnfd;aftcn, nxfct. e fie nictyt 

 beftfcen. 



EXERCISE 90 (Vol. II., page 62). 



1. I am unaccustomed to such work, and should not do it if I were 

 not in want of money. 2. I am in waut of a great sum of money ; do 

 help me, I am certainly not unworthy of your assistance. 3. If he 

 were mindful of m'y kindness, he would not act so. 4. This man is so 

 bad, that I consider him capable of any action. 5. Do you think the 

 covetous man can enjoy his life ? 6. I shall really be willing to confess 

 my deed, only let me go ! 7. The hunter was so sure of his prey, that 

 he spent the price of the bear's skin in drink, before he had shot him. 

 8. Let me go now, I am heartily tired of your gossip. 9. Well, if you 

 are tired of me, I will go. 10. Never will I be guilty of a deed which 

 would render me unworthy of your friendship. 11. I possess a farm, 

 but being unaccustomed to working, and unacquainted with agricul- 

 ture, I am tired of it. 12. One is worthy of the other, but one is also 

 often unworthy of the other. 13. A king who does not love his people is 

 unworthy of the throne. 14. Although you suspect me of the deed, still 

 I cannot confess it, because I have not committed it. 15. If men 

 were always mindful of death, they would not so often be guilty of 

 wicked deeds. 16. Help thy neighbour, and ask not if he is worthy of 

 thy help, when ho is in want of it. 17. I will accompany you, for I am 

 acquainted with the road, and see you are unacquainted with it. 

 18. I thank you, sir, I am not in want of your service ; for as I am 

 tired of walking and weary of riding, I shall remain here. 19. In 

 America, what does the man do who is not accustomed to any kind of 

 work ? 20. He must become accustomed to work, and be mindful of 

 the adage " He who does not work shall not eat." 



! called "primary," or rocks first formed. They are supposed, 

 as stated in the last lesson, to be the cooled product of the 

 molten mass of which the earth was composed when it condensed 

 from the " fire-cloud." However, it is but right to state that 

 much diversity of opinion has existed concerning their origin, 

 whether they ever were fused. This question will be alluded to 

 in a future lesson on the Primary Rocks. 



The products of volcanoes, which are frequently found em- 

 bedded in stratified rocks, are termed Plutonic, to distinguish 



LESSONS IN GEOLOGY. II. 



STRATIFIED BOCKS TJNSTRATIFIED ROCKS STRATA DE- 

 POSITION OF STRATA DIP OF STRATA CLINOMETER. 



A VERT casual acquaintance with the appearance of the rocks 

 which compose the surface of the earth will be sufficient to 

 induce the observer to divide them into rocks stratified and 

 unstratified. Stratified rocks as the derivation of the word 

 indicates (stratum, " that which is spread out ") have the 

 appearance of having been laid in layers one above the other. 

 Sometimes these layers are horizontal and perfectly flat. This 

 is notably the case in the vast plains of Russia, where some of 

 the very earliest deposited rocks the Silurians have retained 

 the position in which they were formed for ages, notwithstanding 

 the repeated and often violent changes which have in .other 

 regions affected the earth's crust. Most frequently, however, 

 the strata exhibit flexures, and are more or less inclined to the 

 horizon ; in some cases as in the coal measures in the Mendip 

 Hills, in Somersetshire they are even vertical, and instances 

 are not wanting in which they have been absolutely turned over. 



Abundant evidence is given to show that all rocks exhibiting 

 stratification have been deposited by aqueous action that is, 

 that then* particles were once mixed with water, and gradually 

 sank to the bottom of the sea or lake, where, in process of time, 

 they became solidified, and appeared on the surface, either by 

 the draining off of the water or by the elevation of the bed. 



Unstratified rocks are those which appear in amorphous masses 

 (a, without, and morphe, form), that is, which exhibit no marks 

 of stratification. Granite is a well-known specimen of such 

 rocks. If excavations on the earth's surface be carried deep 

 enough, these rocks are invariably reached hence they are 



Fig. 1. 1. GUAVEL. '2. SAND. 



MUD. 



them from the members of the primary groups, which do not 

 seem to have been the result of volcanic action, but are due to 

 a much more universal agency. 



The various positions in which rock strata appear, the mode 

 in which the all but universal disturbance of strata has occurred , 

 and the manner in which igneous rocks primary and Plutonic 

 have been injected through the strata, as well as the explana- 

 tion of the technical geological expressions, will be at onco 

 comprehended by studying the diagrams in this lesson. 



The simplest form of deposition of strata is that which is 

 taking place at the bottom of lakes. Here there are no 

 disturbing currents, no eddies, no tides, and the only cause 

 which could in any way modify this uniform distribution of 

 debris (waste or worn material) brought down by the river would 

 be the state of the river itself whether it were flooded or not. 

 The nature of the sediment must entirely be determined by the 

 mineral character of the rocks of the country drained by the 

 river. For instance, the colour of the Mississippi is not the 

 same as that of the Arkansas and Red River. The mud which 

 the Indus brings down is of a clayey hue, while that of the 

 Chenab is reddish, and of the Sutlej paler. So that from the 

 deposit of a river the geological character of the country it 

 drains may be determined. From the sediment with which the 

 Nile fertilises Upper Egypt the nature of the distant mountains, 

 whose melting snows feed the flooding river, is plainly indicated. 



The debris carried down by a river may be conveniently 

 divided into three classes of matter (l)gravel, which is composed 

 of water- worn pebbles ; (2) sand, which is of the same material as 

 the pebbles, but in grains ; and (3) mud or silt, which is a further 

 subdivision so as to render the particles impalpable of such 

 sediment is clay composed. It is evident that the gravel, being 

 the heaviest, will be deposited nearest to the embouchure of 

 the river, the sand would overlie this, while the mud would be 

 carried far out into the still water, and gradually settle to the 

 bottom. This is depicted in Fig. 1. 



It is evident that upon the occasion of an extraordinary 

 flood in the river the gravel will be larger, and will be carried 



Fig. 2. 



further so will the sand, which will be coarser, and will en- 

 croach on the area hitherto covered only by mud ; thus we 

 are able to account for those layers of coarse grains which 

 frequently appear in a sandstone. Let the reader carefully 

 scrutinise the stones of a wall, and he will at once find many 

 examples of this. The area of deposition in a lake is neces- 

 sarily very limited, hence the strata formed cannot be extensive, 

 but where this process goes on in the sea enormous tracts are 

 covered with sediment. For example, the waters of the Amazon 

 colour the ocean for a distance more than 300 miles from land ; 

 that is, there is a layer of sediment now being deposited which 

 in after ages may appear as a vast horizontal stratum. 



Though all aqueous rocks must when deposited have been 

 horizontal, yet when uplifted to the surface they submitted to 

 various kinds of disruptions and displacements, and not only 



