122 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IK LATIK XXIX. 



THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 



SOME verbs of the third conjugation seem to partake of quali- 

 ties of the verbs of the fourth. In the present tense the stem with 

 the parta formed from it is strengthened by the vowel i, and so 

 partly corresponds to the forms of the fourth conjugation. The 

 i, however, disappears before a consonant. I give a specimen 

 in capio, 3, I take. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



Indicative. 

 Sing. Caplo. 



Capis. 



Caplt. 

 Plu. Capimus. 



Caprtis. 



Sing. Capiebam. 

 etc. 



Sing. Capiam. 



Copies, etc. 



PRESENT TENSE. 



Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participle. 

 Capiam. Capere. 



Capias. Cape, capito. 



Capiat. Capito. 

 Capiamus. [tote. 



Capiatis. Capite, capi- 



Copiant. Capiunto. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



Caperem. 

 etc. 



FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 

 PRESENT TENSE. 



Sing. Captor. Capiar. [tor. 



CapSris. Capiaris. Capere, capl- 



Capltur. Capiatur. Capltor. 



Plu. Capimur. Captamur. [piminor. 



Capimini. Capiamini. Capituini, ca- 



Capittntur. Capiantur. Capiuntor. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



Sing. Capiebar. Caperer. 



etc. etc. 



FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 



Sing. Capiar. 



Capieris, etc. 



Thus conjugate cupio, 3, I wish, desire ; f acio, 3, I do, make ; 

 fodio, 3, 1 dig ; jacio, 3, I throw ; pario, 3, I bring forth ; rapio, 3, 

 I plunder; sapio, 3, 1 taste, etc. ; dico, 3. I say; duco, 3, I lead; 

 facio, I do or make; fero, 3, J bear. The 2nd person singular of 

 the imperatives of the last four verbs are respectively die, due, 

 fac, fer. 



Let it be again remarked that the participles in -us are de- 

 clined like adjectives in -MS, thus : 



Amatus, -a, -um. Docturus, -a, -um. 



Amati, -SB, -i. Docturi, -SB, -i. 



Amato, -SB, -o. Docturo, -ffi, -o. 



Amatum, -am, -um, etc. Docturimi, -am, -um, etc. 



In all instances they must agreo with their nouns. So also 

 must the infinitive passive of the past tense, as erudiiwm esse, 

 erudifam esse ; erudiios esse, to have been instructed, the parti- 

 ciple changing as the noun changes. 



The participle future in -rus is frequently used after a verb 

 denoting mo tion, to point out the object or design ; as, veniunt 

 expugnaturi urbem, they come with a view to capture the city. 



Besides the conjugations now set forth, there is another re- 

 cognised by grammarians. This is called the Periphrastic Con- 

 jugation. It is called periphrastic (Greek, irepi, per'-i, about; 

 and tppaffis, phra'-sis, a speech), because it is a kind of circumlo- 

 cution ; the changes of idea not being expressed by additions 

 to the stem, as in the ordinary conjugations, but by two sepa- 

 rate words. Thus such a conjugation or form is made by the 

 participles and the several tenses of the verb esse, to be ; for 

 example 



Amans, atnaturus, amatus, amaudus. 

 Sum, eram, ero, fui, fueram, fuero. 



I supply the meanings of these forms : 



Amans sum, I am loving ; the action proceeding and incomplete. 



Amaturus sum, I am about to love ; an intended and immediately 

 future action. 



Amatus sum, I "have been loved; completed action; passive voice. 



Amandus sum, I ought to be loved ; action denoting necessity in time 

 to come. 



I have here limited myself to the present tense sum ; changes 

 of import are introduced by the other tenses of the verb, corre- 

 sponding to the signification of those tenses. 



The neuter of the participle in -dus, commonly, but incor- 

 rectly, termed the nominative of the gerund, has an impersonal 



meaning ; as, legendum est, it is to be read ; that is, reading must 

 be done by some one. The subject of the action is indicated by 

 pronouns in the dative case ; thus : 



Mihi amanduin est, I must love. 

 Tibi amandum est, thou must love. 

 Ei amandum est, he must love. 

 Nobis ainauduin est, we must love. 

 Fobis amandum est, you must love. 

 Illis amandum est, t7iey must love. 



The participle present has often a causal force, or assigns the 

 reason of the action expressed in the sentence. It must some- 

 times be rendered into English as if it were a verb in the indi- 

 cative mood ; and sometimes as if it were an infinitive. Use 

 only can make these peculiarities quite clear and easy. 



The participle present and the participle perfect passive are 

 used with a noun in the ablative case, forming what is called 

 " the ablative absolute" (ab and solutus, disconnected, indepen- 

 dent ; that is, in construction). ' 



Observe that the Romans employed the second person sin- 

 gular when they spoke of or to a single person. Consequently, 

 you must translate you as if it were thou, in the English-Latin 

 exercises, except when more persons than one are obviously in- 

 tended. 



VOCABULARY. 



Augustine, -arum, 1, a ' 

 narrow way, narrow 

 limits. 



Appropinquo, 1, I ap- 

 proach. 



De, of, from, over. 



Detrimeutum, -i, n., 

 injury. 



Ex, out of, after. 



Ex labore sudanti, to 

 one sweating from j 

 the effect of labour. 



Lenio, 4, I soothe. 



Exprobro, 1, 1 reproach 

 with. 



Non supplicanti, with- 

 out his entreating it. 



Orbis terrarum, the 

 world. 



Pectus, -Oris, n., the 

 breast (E. B. pecto- 

 ral). 



Persona, -se, 1, a mask, 

 a character. 



Potio, -onis, f., drinfc- 

 iwj or draught. 



Publici juris factu- 

 est, loos established. 



Eecupero, 1, J regain. 



Eeporto, 1, f carry off, 

 obtain. 



Ees-publica, rei-publi- 

 CSB, the state (a com- 

 pound word, of 

 which both parts 

 are declined). 



Teter, -ra, -rum, foul, 

 vile. 



EXERCISE 104. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Amici mei una domo capi uon possunt. 2. Die nobis qua conso- 

 latione asger amici animus lenitus sit. 3. Non capiunt angusti pec- 

 toris tui tautain persoriam. 4. Nee te orbis terrarum capiet. 5. Ca- 

 piendus est mihi cibus. 6. Tibi docendum est. 7. Docens pueroe, 

 valde anmbCris. 8. Die cur puer punitus sit. 9. Bellum cepit finem. 



10. Vide ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat. 11. Die mihi quid tibi 

 a sorore scriptum sit. 12. Nullum vitium tetrius est quam avaritia, 

 proBsertim in principibus rempublicam gerentibus. 13. Cogitantes cse- 

 lestia, hsec nostra ut exigua contemnimus. 14. Odiosum est genus 

 hominum officia exprobrantium. 15. Ex labore sudanti frigidss aquae 

 potio est perniciosa 16. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti succur- 

 rit. 17. CiconioB in alienas terras inigraturse in unum locum congre- 

 gantur. 18. Ingens hominum multitude in urbem congregatur, ludoa 

 publicos spectatura. 19. Omnes dolores, patienter tolerati, minus 

 acerbi sunt. 20. Dux dimittit milites ob eximiam virtutem laudatos. 

 21. Multi juvenes in prima pueritia a parentibus male educati, in per- 

 niciem ruunt. 22. Eegnante Xerxe (abl. abs.), Greeci de Persia 

 splendidissimam victoriarn reportaverunt. 23. Inter boiios viros et 

 Deum amicitia est, conciliante natura (abl. abs.). 24. Appropin- 

 quante hiSuae, niultss aves mitiores regiones petunt. 25. Eecuperata 

 pace, artes efflorescunt. 26. Eegibus exterminatis, Eomani liberam 

 rempublicam fundaverunt. 27. Terra mutata, mores hominum non 

 mutantur. 28. Legibus divinis sancte observatis, vita nostra beata 

 erit. 



EXERCISE 105. ENGLISH- LATIN. 



1. True friends can be received in a small house. 2. The narrow 

 limits of this house will not receive so great a character. 3. Tell me 

 what your father has said to you. 4. Bear the water to thy mother. 

 5. Avarice in parents who govern their houses is a great evil. 6. Ava- 

 rice blotted out, evil is blotted out. 7. Thinking of his native 

 country, the soldier lost his life. 8. To one who is in fear (fearing), 

 a friend is a great solace. 9. The state being disturbed, who can be 

 happy? 10. A large multitude of men have come to drink wine. 



11. The soldiers being praised, were dismissed. 12. In the reign of 

 Victoria (Victoria reigning, abl. abs.), the POPULAR EDUCATOR (Edu- 

 cator Popular i's) was established. 13. The book being changed, vou do 

 not change your thoughts. 



DEPONENT VEEBS. 



I have already explained to you the meaning of the term de- 

 ponent in the phrase Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs are 

 passive in form, but active in signification. I have already 

 informed you that there are deponent verbs in each of the 

 four conjugations. Under the guidance of this information you 



