164 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



was large. From these remains we learn that they had a head 

 and tail shield with free segments in between. Their eyes 

 were compound. They could roll themselves into a ball like 

 woodlice. It wonld seem that they serve to connect many 

 existing orders, having some affinity for the Oniscides and also 

 for the Pcecilopoda and Entomostraca. 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. XLIV. 



SECTION XCVII. THE PKESENT PABTICIPLE. THE VERBAL 

 ADJECTIVE. 



1. THE present participle is invariable, and ends always in 

 ant. It expresses action, not situation. It cannot be rendered 

 into English by an adjective, but should be expressed by the 

 participle present or any other tense preceded by a relative pro- 

 noun. The present participle may have an object [ 66 (1)]. 

 Ces hommes, preVoyant le danger, Those men, foreseeing the danger, 

 s'eufuirent. fled. 



2. The part of the verb used after the preposition en, is 

 always the present participle : 



Eu e"crivaut, en lisaut. In writing, in reading. 



3. When the word ending in ant is used to express the quali- 

 ties, properties, or moral or physical situation of a noun, it is a 

 verbal adjective, and assumes in its termination the gender and 

 cumber of the noun which it qualifies. It must in this case be 

 rendered into English by an adjective [ 66 (2)] : 



Ces hommes soiit preVoyants. Those men are cautious, provident. 



4. The verbs entendre, to hear; faire, to cause, to make; 

 laisser, to let, &c., followed by another verb completing their 

 meaning, are not in French separated from that verb. In the 

 corresponding sentences in English, the two verbs are usually 

 separated by other words : 



J'ai laisse tomber mon couteau. I have let my knife fall (dropped) . 

 J'ai eutendu dire cela. I have heard that said. 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



. Je connais des personnes dormant 

 d'un sommeil si profoud, que le 

 bruit de la foudre ne les re>eil- 

 leroit pas. BESCHER. 



Lea eanx dormantes soiit ineil- 

 leures pour les chevaux que les 

 eaux vires. BUFPON. 



Nona avons trouve cette femine 

 mourante. 



Cette femme luouraut dans la 

 crainte de Dieu, ne craignait 

 point la mort. 



On est heureux en se contentant 

 de peu. 



Avez-vous laissiS passer ce voleur ? 



Je 1'ai laiss(S passer. 



Pourquoi avez-vous fait faire un 

 habit ? 



Je n'ai pas fait faire d'habit. 



J'ai laiase" tomber quelque chose. 



Lui avez-vous entendu dire cela ? 



Je le lui ai entendu dire. 



Jo 1'ai entendu dire. 



Je 1'ai eutendu dire a ma scaur. 



I Imow persona, sleeping (who sleep) 

 so profoundly, that the noise of 

 thunder would not awake them. 



Sleeping (still) waters are better for 

 horse* than running waters. 



We found that woman dying. 



That tcoman, dying in the fear of 

 God, did not fear death. 



One is happy in contenting one'* self 



with little. 



Have you let that thief pass ? 

 I let him pass. 

 Why have you had a coat made ? 



I have had no coat made. 



I let something fall. 



Have you heard him say that f 



I heard him say it. 



I heard it said. 



1 heard my sister say it. 



Appliqu-er (a'), 1. ref. 

 to apply one's self. 



Besoin, m. want. 



Chaugeineut, m. alter- 

 ation. 



fimouss-er, 1. to blunt. 



Empech-er, 1. to pre- 

 vent. 



EXERCISE 189. 



Essay-er, 1. to try. PreVenant, e, obliging. 



Hat-er (se), 1. ref. to Preveu-ir, 2. ir, to anti- 



hasten. oipate. 



Lecture, f. reading. Rep<t-er, 1. to repeat. 



Obligeant, e, obliging. Suivant, e, following. 



Plai-re, 4. ir. to please. Suiv-re, 4. ir. to follow. 



Pleuv-oir. 3. ir. to rain. Voyant, e, bright, showy. 

 Pointe, f. point. 



1. Ma cousine est-elle aussi obligeante que la v6tre ? 2. Elle 

 est aussi obligeante, et bien plus charmante que In mienne. 3. 

 Vos enfanta sont-ils prevenants ? 4. Mes enfants, prevenant 

 tous mes besoins, ne me laissent rien a desirer. 5. Lisez bien 

 aj/tentivement les pages snivantes. 6. Ces demoiselles, suivant 

 1'exemple de lenr mere, s'appliquent a la lecture. 7. Les couleurs 

 voyantes ne me plaisent point. 8. Mes scenrs, voyant qu'il 

 allait pleuvoir, se haterent de revenir. 9. Qu'avez-vous laisse 



tomber ? 10. J'ai laisse tomber ma plume ; la pointe en est 

 emoussee. 11. Les avez-vous fait parler ? 12. Je les ai fait 

 parlor, mais avec difficulte. 13. Avez-vons fait faire des chango- 

 ments dans votre maison ? 14. J'y en ai fait faire. 15. Oil en 

 avez-vous fait faire ? 16. J'en ai fait faire a la salle a manger 

 et au salon. 17. Avez-vous laisse passer cet homme ? 18. Je 

 n'ai pas essaye de 1'en empfecher. 19. A qui (whom) avez-vous 

 entendu dire cela ? 20. Je 1'ai entendu dire a mon pere. 21. 

 Je le lui ai entendu repeter. 22. II vous 1'a entendu dire. 23. 

 II vous a vu faire cela. 24. II vons 1'a TU faire. 25. Je 1'ai 

 vu passer. 



EXERCISE 190. 



1. Are still waters good for horses ? 2. Buff on says that 

 they are better for horses than running waters. 3. Are your 

 sisters cautious ? 4. They are not very cautious. 5. My 

 sisters, foreseeing that it was going to rain, brought their um- 

 brellas. 6. What have you let fall ? 7. I have let my knife 

 and book fall. 8. Do very bright colours please your brother ? 

 9. Very bright colours do not please him. 10. Have you read 

 the following pages ? 11. Have you seen the dying woman ? 



12. Your sister, dying in the fear of God, was very happy. 



13. Your sister, following your example, applies herself to 

 study. 14. Have you made them read ? 15. I have made 

 them read and write. 16. I made my brother write. 17. I 

 have had a book bound (relier). 18. Has your father had 

 alterations made in his house ? 19. He has had some made in 

 it. 20. In which room has he had some made ? 21. He has 

 had some made in my brother's room. 22. Whom have you 

 heard say that ? 23. I heard my sister say it. 24. Have 

 you heard him say that ? 25. I have not heard him say it. 

 26. Have you seen my father pass ? 27. I have not seen him 

 pass. 28. I have heard him speak. 29. Make him speak. 

 30. Let it fall. 31. Do not let it fall. 32. What has your 

 brother dropped? 33. He has dropped nothing. 34. Whom 

 have you heard say that ? 35. I heard your brother say it. 

 36. I have heard you repeat it. 37. We have seen you do 

 that. 



SECTION XCVIII.-THE PEESENT PARTICIPLE (continued). 



1. French present participles are never employed substan- 

 tively to express an action. English present participles, when 

 so used, are rendered in French a, by nouns ; 6, by infinitives 

 used substantively ; c, by verbs in a personal mood* : 



a. Gaming is a terrible passion. Le J6U est une passion terrible. 



b. Stating is a wholesome exercise. Patiner est un exercice salutaire. 



b. Sleeping is necessanj to health. Lodormirest ndcessaire a la sante. 



c. They came in without my seeing Us eutrerent saus que je les visse. 



them. 



2. When the English present participle has an object, and is 

 subject of to be, it is generally expressed in French by an in- 

 finitive preceded by de, the French sentence being introduced 

 by 6tre with il or ce as impersonal subject f : 



Doing that well is meritorious. II est meritoire de bien faire cela. 



Loving his parents is a good son's C'est le devoir d' an bon fils d'aimer 

 duty. ses parents. 



3. Used with a verb, a French present participle may refer 

 to the subject or to the object. When the French present 

 participle refers to the subject it may be preceded by the pre- 

 position en : 



He spoke to me while he was writing. H me parlait tout en ecrivant. 

 Being tired, I will go to bed directly. Etant fatigue 1 , je vais me coucher. 



But when the French present participle refers to the object 

 of the verb to which it is joined, the preposition en must 

 never be placed before it ; in this case a verb in the infinitive 

 or in a personal mood must replace the present participle : 



I see her working. Je la vois travailler. 



She perceived a child coming towards Elle apercut un enfant qui venait 

 her. a elle. 



4. Many French present participles are used as nouns in re- 

 ference to persons and things : 



* The second verb is used in a personal mood when it has another 

 subject than the first. 



t As to the use of 11 est, and of C'est, see Eule 1, Section 82. 



J The preposition en is the only one which governs the present par- 

 ticiple ; all the others require the present or the past tense of the infini- 

 tive. 



