GEOMETRICAL PEBSPECTi V J -,. 



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3. General exercises in diphthongs > 



Aere ihai-rai Air, gum. 



!'' pah-ii-zai Country. 



Laido lihoe-do Ugly. 



C'uiiio kah-t<e-no Coin. 



'I 'pniio trihee-no The trot of bone*. 



Troino trah-^e-no Sledge. 



;.;... Wo-nui-ah A line. 



M... M-de-ah Li. .1. 



Idtt ee-de-ai 1,1. MM. 



Lin* We-naiai LinM. 



Sn s*-ee Six. 



"M.-i o-nuS-ee Woes, sorrows. 



7. .!,, lai-d-uai Lion. 



/"'' Aoo-ro East wiud. 



Cretwa krui-oo-zah Creusa, a woman'! name. 



7fi,i,U beeah-dah Corn. 



J'l'.ma dec-ih-nuh Diana, 



Cilo tche-lo Heaven, horizon, the air. 



Lieto lec-i'-to Cheerful. 



;W'> paho-lo Paul, 



fahoono Fiiwu. 



Paura pah-(Jo-r ah Fear. 



I have stated that au is, strictly speaking, a diphthong ; but 

 principally in those words where the accent of tone falls on the 

 second of the Towels that compose it. It makes in its pro- 

 nunciation the impression as if it were no diphthong at all, 

 because each of the vowels is distinctly separated in pronuncia- 

 tion. On that account, I have ventured to place it amongst 

 these words, with vowels in coalition, that are not diphthongs. 



Gt'ooe j6-vai Jove, Jupiter. 



Di'o d^e-o God. 



Giuda joo-dah Judas. 



Xiuto lee-<5o-to Late. 



Ot'bo Oee-bo Fie ! 



Annoi ahu-no-ee Thou annoyest. 



Qpnsi kwah-zee Almost, a.s it were. 



Duals doo-ah-lai Dual. 



Quete kwe-to Quiet, calm. 



Duello doo-61-lo Duel, fray. 



Fluido flooee-do Fluid. 



Luigi loo-e'e-jee Lewis. 



Luogo loo-6-go Space, spot, locality. 



FOURTH PRONOUNCING TABLE. 



For Additional Exercise in Hie Vowels. 



1. Words that contain a, e, i, o, or repeated u . 

 Italian. Pronounced. English. 



Calafatata kah-lah-fah-tahtah Calked. 



Abbacinata ahb-bah-tchce-nih-tah Dazzled. 



Accanalata. ahk-kah-nah-lah-tab. Channelled (column). 



Sala.ma.ndra, sah-lah-mahn-drah Salamander. 



Abbraciava ahb-brah-tchah-vah I kindled. 



Cavalcava kah-vahl-kah-voh I rode. 



Persevererete per-sai-vai-rai-rdi-tai You will persevere. 



Dependentemente dai-pen-den-tai-me"n-tai Dependency. 



Pretenderete prai-ten-dai-rai-tai You will pretend. 



Eccellentementa et-tchel-len-tai-m^n-tai Excellently. 



Insipidissimi in-see-pee-dis-see-mee Most insipid. 



Vtcintssimi vee-tchee-nis-see-mee Very near or vicinal. 



ImmiciMtmi ee-nee-mee-tchis-see-mee Very hostile or inimical. 



Kirifici niee-nte-fee-tchee Wonderful, miraculous. 



Distintissimi dee-stin-tis-see-mee Very clear or distinct. 



Difficilissimi dif-fee-tchee-lis-see-mee Very difficult. 



Odoroo o-do-ro-so Fragraut, odorous. 



Doloroso do-lo-ro-so Painful, dolorous. 



Pomocotogno* po-mo-ko-ton-nyo Quince. 



TumuUuo too-m6ol-too-o I excito a tumult. 



TJsufruttua oo-zoo-froot-too-o I have temporary use of. 



2. Words comprising five vowels : 



Affettuori ahf-fot-too-6-si Kind, affectionate. 



Communicate kom-moo-nec-koh-rol To communicate. 



Dolicatuiro dai-lee-kah-too-tso Over-refined, delicate. 



Entusiasmo en-too-zee-ah-zmo Enthusiasm. 



.Fulmtnotore fool-inec-nah-t6-rai Ono who fulminates. 



Lvsingheranno loo-zin-gai-rahn-no They will flatter. 



Procurofrvce pro-koo-rah-tre'e.tchai A solicitor's wife. 



RepuUicano rai-poo-blee-kah-no Bepublican. 



Saluberrimo sab-loo-brr-reo-mo Very whclesome. 



Speculator* epai-koo-lah-t<5-reo Thinkers, spcculatcrs. 



Suioritnara soo-bor-doe-nah-rii To subordinate. 



Suptrlativo 6oo-pcr-lah-ti5c-vD Highest, s'.ncrhtiVD. 



* Tie sound of the gn will be explained in another lesson. 



(JKOMKTK1CAL J'KUSl'Ki ' J'l V K. -VIII. 



PBOBLEM XXIV. (Fig. 45). Draw the pcnpectwe view of 9 

 flight of three itept, each 4 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 9 inchei 

 hvjh ; ttutir front making an angle of 40 with the picture plane. 

 The distance of the eye of the obterver from the picture plane it 

 6 feet, from the plane to the nearest jtoint of the 

 The height of the eye 4'Hfeet. Scale at pleatwe. 



From a in tho picture plane, draw the line o l, at 40 with 

 pp. From c, 1 foot within the PP, make c b equal to the length 

 of the steps, and c d equal to the width of the three stops 

 divided in e and /. The height* to be marked presently on the 

 line of contact. There will be no difficulty in drawing tho rest 

 of the plan. Place the station point HP, draw the base of 

 tho picture, and the UL three feet and a half above the base, 

 and find the vanishing point. Bring down visual rays from 

 tho ends of the steps at both extremities of the plan. Produce 

 d c to h, and g b to k for points of contact, and bring them 

 down perpendicularly for lines of contact. From the base i on 

 i h mark the heights of the three steps one above the other, 

 and also from m, on m k, numbered on both lines 1, 2, 3, and 

 from each of these divisions draw retiring lines to the vp, 

 which, being cut by the visual rays, will give the respective 

 points upon which to draw tho ends of the steps, marked again 

 c, e, f, and d ; their fronts and edges extend between the cor- 

 responding visual rays drawn from the g b end of the plan. 



PROBLEM XXV. (Fig. 46). A rectangular block of masonry 

 24 feet long, 20 feet high, and 16 feet broad, is pierced by an arch 

 springing at a height of 10 feet, and of semi-circular form, with a 

 span of 12 feet. Let the point of view be on one side of it* centre. 

 Distance within the picture plane 2 feet. Height of eye 8 feet. 

 Station point from the picture plane 26 feet. Scale 5 feet to the 

 inch. 



We will first draw the perspective view of the arch when 

 the front is parallel with tho picture plane. If the pupil has 

 not a scale of inches divided into fifths, he can easily construct 

 one in this manner : Draw a line, say 6 inches long, to 

 represent 30 feet, and divide it into three equal parts ; divide 

 the first division into ten parts, which will represent single 

 feet, and the main divisions will represent tens of feet. 

 Number it similarly to the scales given in Lesson I., VoL II., 

 page 161. 



Draw the PP, and two feet beyond, and parallel with it, draw 

 the line a b equal to 24 feet ; a c 6 feet, and c d 12 feet. 

 Draw a e equal to 16 feet, and complete the rest of the plan as 

 shown in the figure. Place the point /a little to the right of 

 the centre, and draw the line / 8P, making g SP equal to 26 

 feet. Draw the line BP (base of the picture) anywhere below 

 the PP, allowing sufficient room for the elevation between the 

 base of the picture and the plan above, also the horizontal line 

 8 feet from BP. Draw visual rays from a, c, d, b, h, i, and 

 bring them down perpendicularly from the PP. Draw a fc per- 

 pendicularly to the PP, for the line of contact or measuring line 

 for the heights ; mark the PS (point of sight) and draw km from k 

 towards PS, stopping at the VR from o. Draw TO n parallel 

 to BP, which will be the perspective front of the base of the 

 building. The visual rays from c and d will determine the 

 width of the arch o p. Make the distance k r for the height 

 equal to 20 feet. Draw rs from r as was done from k, and draw 

 s t for the top of the building. At , ten feet from k, draw 

 u y towards the PS, and also y v w ; bisect v tc; from x as a 

 centre being brought down from q, draw the semicircle v w; 

 the front of the building will then be completed. For the 

 other end of the arch which spans h i of the plan, draw lines 

 v I, w z, from v and w to PS, meeting the visual rays from h 

 and i in J and z ; join I and t, and either bisect it, or draw a 

 line from x to PS, which, cutting I z, will give the centre point 

 from which the interior or further end of the arch must be 

 drawn with a radius from tike centre to I or z. For the base 

 of the interior of the archway draw lines from o and p, 

 towards PS, cutting the visual rays from h and i ; join these 

 points by a line parallel to BP ; this will complete the per- 

 spective elevation. 



Fig. 47. We will now draw the same subject at an angle wiih 

 our position. Let the angle of the front of the building be 24 

 with tht pp. The other conditions at before. 



Draw a o at an angle of 24 with PP, and complete the plan 

 upon a b, as in the last figure. We will use one vp, as in Fig*. 



