212 



THE POPULAE EDUOATOE. 



seen in the illustration. The small forceps in front would seem 

 to correspond with the mandibles of spiders, and the large and 

 long pincers to the maxillary palps, while the four pairs of suc- 

 ceeding legs represent the legs of spiders and the hind walking- 

 legs of decapod crustaceans. Thus it would appear that the 

 hind foot-jaws and first pair of walking-legs of crustaceans are 

 absent. The stomach in the scorpion is much simpler than in 

 the spider, and there is scarcely any distinction of parts. The 

 heart has eight segments, and the hind one, not being situated 

 further back than the broad part of the body, sends the blood 

 backward by a vessel to the tail. Besides the ventral vessel, a 

 sub-ganglionic or portal vessel exists, which drives the blood to 

 the lungs. Perhaps the course of the blood can be gathered 

 from the rough diagram below. It would take too long to de- 



scribe it here. The nervous system consists of seven double 

 ganglia besides the brain. 



The mites have a smooth bag-like body, with a small head 

 united with it. They breathe through tracheso, whose entrance- 

 orifices are situated on the under-side of the body. Some, 

 however, have two exit-holes for the tracheal system, one on 

 each side of the mouth, through which they expel the air 

 derived through the other openings. The nervous system in 

 these is said to consist of only one ganglion. These creatures 

 often live on the bodies of other animals. The shard beetle has 

 almost always a multitude of them clinging to its body in the 

 grooves between the segments of its body underneath. The 

 organs of the mouth in these are usually converted into sucking 

 snouts, with points directed outwards, so as to secure the hold 

 of the creature. 



Two other orders of very low grade would seem to indicate 

 that the spiders are related to the articulate type directly 

 through the worms. In one of these the body is completely 

 like a worm. These are internal parasites. The other order 

 is represented by a creature which inhabits the skin-follicles of 

 the human face, generally fixing on the nose as its habitat. 

 This starts in life with a worm-like form, and gradually shortens 

 into a mite-like animal. The orders are defined as follows : 



1. Pantopoda. Arachnida, with the cephalo-thorax segmented 

 into four pieces ; a rudimentary abdomen, and long many- 

 jointed legs ; without true organs of respiration. 



2. Linguatulina. Wormlike Arachnida, having the habits of 

 intestinal worms ; with sexes distinct, and no apparent organs 

 of respiration. 



3. Tardigrada. Hermaphrodite Arachnida, with stumpy legs, 

 and without organs of respiration. 



4. Acarina. Arachnida, with biting or sucking mouths ; an 

 unjointed abdomen united to the cephalo-thorax j second feeler- 

 jaws foot-shaped, with a tracheal system. 



5. Araneina. Arachnida, with biting jaws, stalked unseg- 

 mented abdomen ; second pair of feeler-jaws shaped like feet, 

 and with combined lungs and tracheae. 



6. Arthrogastra. Arachnida, with a distinctly jointed abdo- 

 men, breathing by pulmonibranchiae. 



LESSONS IN LATIK XXXI. 



DEPONENT VEEBS (continued). 

 IN our last lesson the learner was furnished with a model of a 

 deponent verb of the second conjugation and a list of verbs to 

 be written out according to the example given. This should be 

 done frequently, in the case of all the parts of speech in Latin 

 that suffer declension, if the student desire to become thoroughly 



familiar with their formation. He should also write out from 

 memory our remarks on the construction of hortor, vereor, etc., 

 correcting his work by comparison with the original. 



Cito, quickly. 



Confiteor, 2, confessus 

 sum, I admit, con/ess 

 (E. E. confession). 



Cunctus, -a, -um, all 

 unitedly, in oppo- 

 sition to omiiis, 

 which is, all sere- 

 rally. 



Denuo (de novo), anew, 

 again, lately. 



DetrSho, 3, 1 take au-ay. 



Exemplar, -aris, n., a 

 pattern, model. 



Irnpetro, 1, 1 obtain. 



Imploro, 1, I entreat 



VOCABULARY. 



Inanis, -e, empty (E. E. 

 inanity). 



Informo, 1, I instruct. 



Inopia, -83, f., toant. 



Intueor, 2, I loofc on, 

 contemplate (E. E. 

 intuition). 



Liberaliter, freely. 



Malitia, -te, f., badness, 

 baseness, malice. 



Medeor, 2 (no perfect), 

 I Tieal, with the da- 

 tive; 'that is, the ob- 

 ject of this verb must 

 be in the dative case. 



Mereor, I deserve, etc., 



Nego, 1, I deny. 



Nondum, not as yet. 



Penitus, thoroughly. 



Preesidium, -i, n., pro- 

 tection, support, as- 

 sistance. 



Profiteer, 2, professus 

 sum, I pro/ess, pro- 

 mise (E. E. pro- 

 fession) . 



Eeor,2 (reri.ratus sum) , 

 Jamo/ opinion, think. 



Trado.tradere, tradidi, 

 traditum, 3, I Tiand- 

 dou'n, I give up (E . E.. 

 tradition). 



Venia, -ss, f., pardon, 

 leave, permission. 



(E.E. implore; ploro, is followed by de, as 



I weep). de aliqua re. 



Observe that the conjunction quum requires its verb to be in* 

 the subjunctive mood, when it denotes a cause or reason, and is 

 rendered by since or although ; quum is then said to have a- 

 causal force. 



EXERCISE 110. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. 2.. 

 Jam to errasse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. 3. Nondum 

 vestrum auxilium imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis.. 



4. Vix inopiam nostrani fassi eramus, quum liberalissitne vestrum prffi- 

 sidium nobis polliciti estis. 5. Magna vis est philosophies quuui 

 medetur animis, et inanes sollicitudines detrahit. 6. Artes inagnum 

 nobis prsebent presidium, quum seipsee per se tuentur singulee. 7. 

 Prfficlare de patria merentur prseceptores, quum juventutem bonarum 

 literarum studiis informant. 8. Quum philosophia animis medetur ei 

 totos nos penitusque tradere debemus. 9. Ornnes miserebautur vestri,. 

 quum non propter nmlitiarn sed propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. 

 10. Quum milites pericula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus con- 

 fligere. 11. Avarus, quum sit divitissimus, non fatebitur se satis habere. 



12. Miserere nostri ; medemini, O cives, inopi nostree. 13. Suum 

 quisque tuetor fllium. 14. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina 

 providentia dubitabit. 15. Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos rati, eoe 

 acriter propulsare studuerunt. 16. Venio meum presidium tibi pollici- 

 turus. 17. Adolescentis officium est majores natu vereri. 18. Omnibus 

 modis vos inopise civium inederi debetis. 19. Quis nescit te prseclare 

 de republica meritum esse ? 20. Spero te mei miserturum esse. 



EXERCISE 111. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. They confessed their sins. 2. They will confess their sins. 3.. 

 Will they have confessed their sins ? 4. He will not confess his sins. 



5. My sister has confessed her sins. 6. The young men deny that they 

 will confess their sins (ace. case and infinit. fut. ; drop the that ; 

 "deny that they will," is equal to say they will not, that is, refuse). 7. 

 Eeligion heals men's minds. 8. True religion only can heal men's 

 minds. 9. Eeligion has always healed the minds of the pious. 10. 

 Pity me, my father. 11. O God, pity us. 12. O God, pity all men. 



13. Let every husband guard his wife. 14. The young men, thinking 

 the soldiers about to attack their homes, slew themselves in fear (being 

 a/raid). 15. The arts severally protect artists (artificers). 16. Do the 

 arts protect each other? 17. The arts have protected, do protect 

 (present tense), and will protect artists. 18. Look at the heaven,, 

 and thou wilt fear God. 19. Contemplating virtue, men become wise. 

 20. He has served the republic well (deserved well of the republic, de- 

 republica). 21. The queen will serve the republic well. 22. The 

 soldiers served their country well. 23. I am not able to serve my 

 home well. 24. He contemplates a model of virtue. 25. He con- 

 fesses his sins, and obtains pardon. 26. They have confessed their 

 sins, and obtained pardon. 27. Since you have confessed your sins, 

 you will obtain pardon. 



Vereor denotes the reverence which arises from a sense of 

 one's own infirmity, as compared with the high attributes of the 

 object who calls forth the sentiment. Vereor, accordingly, is 

 the root of reverence. Vereri denotes the feeling of children 

 towards a parent. But when the sentiment of self-abasement 

 rises into a fear of some evil from a superior power, or an 

 oppressive consciousness of superior power over you, then the 

 sentiment is expressed by metuo. 



CONSTRUCTION OF " VEREOR." 



Accusative of object; with ne; ne non; non and ne; with itt; 

 infinitive as an object. 



Note. Vereor ne is used of things you do not desire. 

 Vereor ut is used of things you do desire. 



