214 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOE. 



WESTERN SIBHSIA. 



Governments. 

 Tobolsk. 

 Tomsk. 



diief Totoiis. 

 Tobolsk. 

 Tomsk. 



Governments. 

 Semipolatiusk. 

 Turkestan. 



Cliicf Towns. 

 Semipolatiusk. 



In addition to these must be named the territory south of 

 the Caucasus, belonging to Russia, commonly called Trans- 

 caucasia. Of the above, the province or government of 

 Amoorskaja comprises the territory lately acquired by Eussia 

 from the Chinese Empire; while the new government of 

 Turkestan, divided into the provinces of Semiretchensk and Syr- 

 Daria, includes the Kirghiz Steppes and the districts lately 

 annexed in the north of Independent Tartary. 



The Chinese Empire is divided into three parts : China 

 Proper, in the south-east ; Mongolia or Chinese Tartary, in the 

 north ; and Tibet, or Thibet, in the south-west. The capitals 

 of tnese great divisions are respectively Pekin, Ourga, and 

 Lassa, but Pekin is the metropolis and chief seat of government 

 of the entire empire. The island of Hong-Kong, at the mouth 

 of the Canton River, is a British dependency. Its chief town 

 is Victoria. Macao, also in the Canton River, belongs to the 

 Portuguese. The Chinese ports open to British commerce are 

 Canton, Swatow, Foo-chow, Amoy, and Shanghae. 



Turkestan, or Independent Tartary, is broken up into a 

 number of petty states, called khanates, the majority of which 

 are being gradually absorbed by Russia. Of these Bokhara, 

 with its chief town of the same name, is the most important, 

 but it is after all little more than a vassal state of the Russian 

 Empire. 



The principal divisions of Turkey in Asia are Asia Minor, of 

 which Smyrna is the capital, in the north-west ; Syria and 

 Palestine (chief towns, Damascus, Aleppo, and Jerusalem), in 

 the south-west ; Turkish Armenia (chief town, Trebizond), in 

 the north-east; and Mesopotamia (chief towns, Bagdad and 

 Diarbekr), in the south-east. 



Arabia, like Turkestan, is divided into a number of states, 

 some independent, and comprising a number of small districts, 

 subject to Arab chieftains, as Yemen, Hadramaut, Lachsa, and 

 Nejd ; and others nominally tributary to a foreign ruler, as 

 Arabia Petrsea, and Hedjaz, which are considered as subject to 

 Turkey ; and Oman, which is under the control of the Imam of 

 Muscat. In Hedjaz are the towns Mecca and Medina, famous, 

 the former for being the birth-place, the latter the burial-place 

 of Mahomet, the founder of the Mahometan religion. In 

 Yemen, on the Red Sea, is Mocha, which gives its name to the 

 delicious coffee grown in the surrounding districts ; and at its 

 southern extremity Aden, a British seaport, taken from the 

 Arabs in 1839, and serving as a convenient coal depdt for 

 steamers plying between India and Suez, at the north-western 

 extremity of the Red Sea. 



Persia is divided into a number of provinces, of which it is 

 difficult to give a list that may be relied on for correctness. 

 Part of the country is occupied by wandering tribes under 

 sheikhs, who are nearly independent, but pay a yearly tribute 

 to the sovereign or shah of Persia, who maintains a standing 

 army, equipped and disciplined after the European fashion. 



The principal sub-divisions of Afghanistan are Cabool, Can- 

 dahar, and Herat, each taking its name from its chief town. 

 Seistan, a district in the western part of the country, is occupied 

 by a number of semi-independent tribes, who are supposed to 

 be under the control of the ruler of Herat. Beloochistan is 

 divided into a number of provinces, each governed by its 

 own chief. Those forming the western half of the country are 

 independent, but those in the east owe a nominal allegiance to 

 the Khan of Kelat, the most powerful of the petty princes of 

 Beloochistan. 



The greater part of the peninsula of Hindostan consists of 

 tsrritory absolutely belonging to the British Empire, and states 

 governed by native princes under British protection. The only 

 states that are really independent of British control are as 

 follows : Cashmere, in the north ; and Nepaul and Bhotan, on 

 vhe north-east frontier, forming for the most part the southern 

 slopes of the great Himalaya range. The remainder is divided 

 into five districts called presidencies, each under a lieutenant- 

 governor, except the presidency of Bengal, the presidency 

 immediately under the control of the Viceroy of India, to whom 

 the lieutenant-governors of the remaining provinces are subject. 



The five presidencies are those of Bengal, North- West Pro- 

 vinces, Punjaub, Bombay, and Madras. 



The presidency of Bengal is on the east side of India, and 

 comprises the whole of the fertile plain watered by the Sanpoo 

 or Brahmapootra, and the lower parts of the Ganges. The 

 British dependencies east of the Ganges and in Further India 

 namely, Aracan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malacca, and Singapore 

 are now included in this presidency. The chief town ia 

 Calcutta. 



The presidency of the North- West Provinces (or, as this 

 district should be called from its position, the North Central 

 Provinces) lies in the centre of the northern part of Hindostan, 

 and comprises Oude and a number of provinces to the south 

 and west of it, stretching up to the borders of Cashmere and 

 the Punjaub. Agra is the chief town and seat of govern- 

 ment. 



The Punjaub occupies the north-western corner of Hindostan, 

 and lies to the south-west of Cashmere. The word Punjaub 

 means the plain or country of the five rivers, so called because 

 it is watered by the Sutlej, Beas. Chenab, Jelum, and Raveo. 

 The chief town of this presidency is Lahore. 



Bombay, which includes Scinde, extends along the south- 

 western coast of the peninsula from Kurrachee to Goa. The 

 presidency takes its name from its chief town, Bombay. 



The southern extremity of the peninsula, and the whole of 

 the south-east coast, and the countries bordering on it, form 

 the presidency of Madras, which also takes its name from its 

 chief town. The fine island of Ceylon, at the south of the 

 peninsula, is a dependency of this presidency. 



The principal protected states, governed by native princes 

 in strict alliance with, and under the control of, the British 

 Crown, are as follows : 



The French and Portuguese still retain a slight footing in the 

 peninsula, the former holding Pondicherry on the Coromandel 

 Coast, and Chandernagore on the Hooghly; while the latter 

 possess Panjam and Goa on the south-west coast. 



Further India, or India beyond the Ganges, comprises Bur- 

 mah (recently annexed to the Indian Empire), Siam, and Laos, 

 in the centre of the peninsula, lying between the British posses- 

 sions on the west coast and Anam on the east. The Malay 

 Peninsula is partly occupied by independent tribes, or tribes 

 which owe a nominal allegiance to Siam. The French have ac- 

 quired a largo territory in the south-east of the peninsula, consist- 

 ing of the southern provinces of Siam and Anam. The chief of the 

 French settlements in this district is Saigon on the river Dong-nai. 



The Japanese Empire is composed of a chain of large islands, 

 extending in the form of a crescent from the southern extremity 

 of the island of Saghalien, half of which is claimed by the 

 Japanese, to the peninsula of Corea. The chief of these islands 

 are Niphon, Sikoke, Yesso, and Kiusiu. The capital is Jeddo, 

 or Yedo, on the island of Niphon. The principal ports open 

 to British commerce in Japan are Hakodadi, Neegata, Kana- 

 gawa, Hiogo, and Nagasaki. 



HEADINGS IN GERMAN. VI. 



6. JDte 5pfirftc$en. 

 Dee pfirr'-zly-yen. 



in Santmann fcrae^te auS ber tafct fitnf $ftrftc$en mit, bte 

 Ine lant'-man braci>'-tai ouss dair shtat funf pfirr'-sfy-yen mit, dee 



fttyonfien, tic man feljen fonnte. etne linker a6er faljen 

 sho'n'-sten, dee man zey'-hen kdn'-tai. Zi'-nai kln'-der ah'-ber zah'-hen 



btefe rjrufyt jum erflen mat. <cl)al6 tountcrten unc 

 dee'-zai fro(5ci)t tsoom eyr'-sten mahl. Dess'-halp vMn'-der-ten 53nt 



freutcn fie ftd> feljr liter tie fctyimen Sleufet mit ben rctfiUd;en 

 froi'-ten zee ziy zeyr ii"-ber dee sho'-nen ep'-fel mit dain ro't'-lly-yen 



ffiacfen unb jartcm $flaum. Sacatif fertfieUte fte bet 

 back'-en otfnt tsahr'-tem pfloum. Dah-rouf ferr-tile'-tai zee dait 



SSater itnter feine ter tfnaben, unb cine erf)ielt bte 

 fah'-ter Son'-ter zi'-uai feer knah'-ben, COnt i'-nai err-heelt" dee 



Gutter, 

 moot'-ter. 



