220 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR 



11. When a past participle has for direct object the adverbial 

 phrase le peu, it agrees with the following noun, when le peu 

 means a small quantity : 



Le peu de fortune que j'ai acquise The little fortune I have acquired is 

 me suffit. enough for me. 



12. The past participles coute and valu only agree when 

 taken in a figurative sense : 



Je ne regrette pas les peines que I do not regret the trouble that worfc 



cet ouvrage m'a coutees. has cost me. 



Les honneurs que sa conduite lui The honours his conduct procured 



a value. him. 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



Vous avez des livres bien relids. 

 Vos fllles sont estimees. 

 Ces terres sont bien laboure'es. 

 Mes voisines sont tombees d'ac- 



cord. 



Elles sont venues nous trouver. 

 Xa victoire que nous avons rem- 



Les champs que TOUS avez 



labourer. 

 Vous vous etes repentis de votre 



faute. 

 -Elle s'est souvenue de sa pro- 



messe. 



Les soldats que j'ai vus passer. 

 Les musiciennes que j'ai en ten- 



dues jouer. 

 L'indiscretion que nous nous 



somuies reproche'e. 

 "Les evdnemeuts qu'elles se sont 



racontes. 



TJes fruits que j'en ai recus. 

 Plus il a eu d'amis, plus il en a 



trompe's. 

 IJe peu de patience qu'il a montree 



a suffi pour le faire re'ussir. 

 Quels avantages vous a valus les 



peiues qu'il vous a coutees P 



Foil have well-bound boots. 

 Four daughters are esteemed. 

 Those lands are well ploughed. 

 My neighbours have come to an under- 

 standing. 

 They came to us. 

 The victory which we have gained. 



The fields which you have ploughed. 

 You have repented of your fault. 

 She remembered her promise. 



The soldiers whom I saw passing. 



The musical ladies tchom I heard 

 playing. 



The indiscretion with which ice re- 

 proached one another. 



The events which they related to one 

 another. 



The fruits which I received from it. 



The more friends he has had, the 

 more he has deceived. 



The little patience he showed has 

 sufficed to make him succeed. 



What advantages have ijou derived 

 from the troubles he has given you '! 



EXERCISE 193. 



A 1'ordinaire, as usual. Fleur, f. flower. Beproch-er (ee), 1. ref. 



.Avert-ir, 2. to warn. Malade, sicfc person. to reprooc?i one's self. 



Boue, f. mud. Merveille (a), wonder- Eire, 4. ir. to laugh. 



Ooutume (de), usually, fully, perfectly. Serieux, se, serious. 



usual. Parven-ir, 2. ir. to sue- Souri-re, 4. ir. to smile. 



Cueill-ir, 2. to gather. ceed. Suivant, accordhig to. 



Dechiffr-er, 1. to deci- Plus tot, sooner, ear- Tomb-er, 1. to fall. 



pher. Her. Trouv-er, to find. 



Decourag-er, 1. to dis- Port-er (se), 1. to be, Vol-er, 1. to steal. 



courage. to do. 



1. Cette demoiselle ne se trouve-t-elle pas bien fatiguee ? 2. 

 Elle est fatiguee et decouragee. 3. Votre sceur est-elle allee a 

 1'eglise suivant sa coutume ? 4. Ma mere et ma sceur y sont 

 allees. 5. Votre soeur est-elle revenue plus tot que de coutume ? 

 6. Elle est revenue plus tard qua 1'ordinaire. 7. Cette pauvre 

 malade est-elle tombee ? S. Elle est tombee dans la boue. 9. 

 Ma mere est-elle parvenue a dechiffrer ma lettre ? 10. Elle 

 n'y est pas parvenue. 11. Quelles fleurs avez-vous cueillies ? 

 12. Les fleurs que j'ai trouvees sont plus belles que celles que 

 vons m'avez envoyees. 13. Votre cousine ne s'est-elle pas 

 bien portee ? 14. Elle s'est portee a merveille. 15. De quel 

 livre vous etes-vous servie, Mademoiselle? 16. Je me-suis 

 servie du votre. 17. Nous nous sommes servie des notres. 18. 

 Quelles fautes votre fils s'est-il reprochees ? 19. Les fautes 

 qti'il s'est reprochees ne sont pas serieuses. 20. Les avez-vous 

 vus rire ? 21. Je les ai vus sourire. 22. Les avez-vons vus 

 Toler des fruits? 23. Je les ai vus voler des pommes. 24. 

 Les avez-vous avertis de leurs fautes ? 25. Je les en ai avertis. 



26. Je ne les en ai pas avertis. 



i 



EXERCISE 194. 



1. Are your books well bound ? 2. The}' are well bound, and : 

 well printed. 3. Did not your little girl find herself dis- 

 couraged ? 4. She found herself tired, but not discouraged. 

 5. Have your sisters come to an understanding ? 6. They have 

 not come to an understanding. 7. My brothers have come to 

 an understanding. 8. Who came to you ? 9. Your friends 

 came to us. 10. Is not your sister gone to church? 11. My 1 



sister is gone to church as usual. 12. Did your sister return 

 sooner than usual ? 13. My sister returned later than usual. 

 14. Are the fields which you have ploughed large ? 15. The 

 fields which I have bought are very large. 16. Where are the 

 gentlemen whom you saw pass ? 17. The ladies whom I heard 

 sing are in their room. 18. Did your poor sister fall ? 19. 

 Did that poor sick woman fall in the mud ? 20. Did your 

 sister succeed in reading that book P 21. She succeeded iu 

 reading it. 22. Have you warned your sisters of their danger ? 

 23. I have warned them of it. 24. I have not warned them of 

 it. 25. What pen has your mother used ? 26. She has used 

 mine. 27. Have not those young ladies used my book ? 28. 

 They have not used it. 29. Has your mother been well ? 30. 

 She has been perfectly well. 31. Has she remembered her 

 promise ? 32. She has remembered it. 33. Have you seen 

 those boys laugh ? 34. I have seen them smile. 35. Have 

 you seen them play ? 36. I have heard them play. 



SECTION C. [ 130, 131.] PRACTICAL SUMMARY OF THE 

 EULES OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE. II. 



The participle past is INVARIABLE : 



1. In active verbs, when the direct regimen follows the par- 

 ticiple : 



Mes nieces onte'tudie' leurs lecons. My nieces have studied their lessons. 

 Elles ont neglige^ leurs etudes. They have neglected their studies. 



2. In neuter verbs conjugated with avoir : 



Mes cousiues ont disparu. My cousins have disappeared. 



Les ciuqheures qu'elles ont dormi. The five hours which they have slept. 



In the latter sentence, the word pendant is understood after 

 heures : 



Les cinq heures pendant lesguelles The five hours during which they 

 elles out dormi. slept. 



3. In impersonal verbs, whether conjugated with 6tre or with 

 avoir : 



Les cbaleurs qu'il a fait cette The heat there has been, this year. 



annee. 

 II est arriv^ bien des malheurs. ' Many mis/ortunes have happened. 



4. In reflective or pronominal verbs, of which the second 

 pronoun is an indirect object, when no direct object pre- 

 cedes : 



She proposed to herself to leave. 

 She has burnt her fingers. 



Elle s'est propose^ de partir. 

 Elle s'est brulo les doigts. 



5. When the participle precedes an infinitive, and is preceded 

 by a direct object, which is not the actor, but the object acted 

 upon.* In this case the infinitive is generally rendered in 

 English by the passive voice : 



Les chansons que j'ai entendu The songs which I heard (being) sung. 

 chanter. 



6. When the direct object preceding a participle is not the 

 object of this participle, but of a verb following : 



La regie que je vous ai couseille The rule -which I advised you to 

 d'dtudier. study. 



7. The past participle of faire, fait, followed by an infinitive, 

 is always invariable : 



Je les ai fait raccommoder. I have had them mended. 



8. After the pronoun en, when no direct object precedes ; 

 and, when joined to an adverb of quantity, the latter follows the 

 auxiliary or the past participle : 



Vous a-t-on donn des fleurs ? Have they given you flowers 1 



On rn'en a douue. They have given me some. 



II n'avait plus de livres, mais il en He had no more books, but he has 



& beaucoup achete'. bought many. 



Nous n'avions plus de chiens, mais We had no more dogs, but we have 



nous en avons achete^ plusieurs. bought several. 



* It follows from this rule, and No. 9, Section 99, that the agree- 

 ment or non-agreement of the past participle, followed by an iufiintive, 

 considerably modifies the meaning of a sentence ; e.g. : Je les ai 

 laisses puuir, with the participle agreeing with les, means, I allowed 

 them to punish; whilst je les ai laisse punir, with the participle not 

 agreeing with les, means I alloioed them to be pu?iished ; that is literally, 

 I allou-ed (somebody understood) to jmnish them,. Students should bear 

 this in mind when they translate French into English, or vice versa. 



